394
Index
Toxins 28, 261, 288
Trans-acetalization 126
Transesterification 38, 42, 96, 345
– continuous 42
Trans-fatty acids 31
Transglucosylation 136
Transition metal catalyst 63, 71
trans-1,4-Polyisoprene 238
Transport proteins 261
Tree roots 222
Trees 2, 222
Trehalose 130
Triacetin 95
– production, flow scheme 95
– production of 95
– uses 96
Tricaprin 73
Tricaprin, from triolein 73
Tricyclic sesquiterpene 229
Triesters, of glycerol 18
Triethanolamine 55
Triglycerides 18, 96
– hydroformylation 68
– metathesis of 72
– splitting of 38
Trimer fatty acids 70
Trimethylolpropane 99
Triolein
– epoxidation of 63
– ethenolysis of 73
– self-metathesis 72
Triose 114
Triglycerides 18, 96
Tripeptides 259
Trisaccharides 114, 137
Triterpenes 231, 233
– definition 221
Tropane type 285
Trypsin 261
Tryptophan 253, 257, 298
Tschudi, Larry 286
Tsetse flies 77
Tube bundle falling film reactor 54
Tube bundle reactor 53
Tubular aquarium, for algae production 187
Tubular reactor 47
Tungsten 71
– catalysts 76
Tungstic acid 65, 66
Turkish Red 268
Turnover numbers 71
Turpentine 221
Turpentine oils 144, 232
– composition 223
Tu, Youyou 230
Twitchell process 38
– continuous 39
Tyrian purple
– chemical structure 267
– production from snails 267
Tyrosine 253, 257
U
Ucciani, E. 68
Ultramarine 269
Umbra 274
Undecanedioic acid 74
10-Undecenal 82
10-Undecenoic acid 81, 336
– follow-up chemistry 81
10-Undecenol 82
Undecenol 81
Unsaturated fatty acid 24, 27, 63
Urey, Harold C. 255
UV stabilizers 244
V
Vacuum distillation 41, 223
– of fatty alcohols 48
Valine 253, 258
Vanilla 315, 317
– aroma 317
– extract 317
– pod 316
Vanillin 212–214, 313, 316
– as flavor 315
– from lignin 211
– production, flow diagram 212
– prices 317
– synthesis 316
Varnishes 25, 79, 97
– from linseed oil 27
Vascular plants 213
Vat dyeing 271
Veal 303
Vegetable 299
– fats 33
– oil biorefinery 345, 347
Vehicle construction 103
Verbena oil 223
Verbenol 225
Vernolic acid 20
Versalis 66
Vesper Martini 285
Vicinal diols 65, 85
Villier, A. 194
3-Vinylphenol 77
Violet scent 316
Virgin wool, from sheep 330
Viscoelastic polyurethanes 69
Viscose 329
– fiber 152
– process 152
– rayon 152, 158
– silk 152
Viscosity
– control 99
– improver 158
Vitamin
– A 232, 297, 316
– A1 231
– A, production 297
– A (retinol) 296
– B 1 296, 297
– B 1 (thiamine) 296
– B 2 297
– B 3 298
– B 5 298
– B 6 299
– B 7 299
– B 9 299
– B 12 187, 300
– B 12 depot 301
– C 124, 301
– C (ascorbic acid) 296
– C, physiological effect 302
– C, production 302
– D 2 232, 289, 303
– D (calciferole) 296
– D 3 , production 303
– E 228, 303
– E, structure 304
– E (tocopherols) 296
– H 299
– K 1 228, 304, 305
– K 1 (phyllochinone) 296
– K, structures 305
Vitamins 3, 295, 305
– discovery 296
– fat-soluble 296
– overview 296
– sensitivity 302
– significance 296
– water-soluble 296
Voith 150
von Baeyer, Adolf 272
von Goethe, Wolfgang 281
von Heyden, Friedrich 280
von Szent-Györgyi, Albert 301
Vulcanization 243, 246
– of caoutchouc 243
– press 246
W
Wallach, Otto 221, 236
Wallpaper paste 157
Walnut 297, 299
– leaves 267
– oil 31
Walton 79
Warwel, S. 71
Washed-out jeans 274
Washing agents 38
Wastewater treatment 182
Water 52
– decontamination 195
– gas shift reaction (WGSR) 105
– -soluble 305
– -soluble vitamins 297
Wax alcohols 45
Waxes 3, 6, 30, 58
– definition of 30
Index
Toxins 28, 261, 288
Trans-acetalization 126
Transesterification 38, 42, 96, 345
– continuous 42
Trans-fatty acids 31
Transglucosylation 136
Transition metal catalyst 63, 71
trans-1,4-Polyisoprene 238
Transport proteins 261
Tree roots 222
Trees 2, 222
Trehalose 130
Triacetin 95
– production, flow scheme 95
– production of 95
– uses 96
Tricaprin 73
Tricaprin, from triolein 73
Tricyclic sesquiterpene 229
Triesters, of glycerol 18
Triethanolamine 55
Triglycerides 18, 96
– hydroformylation 68
– metathesis of 72
– splitting of 38
Trimer fatty acids 70
Trimethylolpropane 99
Triolein
– epoxidation of 63
– ethenolysis of 73
– self-metathesis 72
Triose 114
Triglycerides 18, 96
Tripeptides 259
Trisaccharides 114, 137
Triterpenes 231, 233
– definition 221
Tropane type 285
Trypsin 261
Tryptophan 253, 257, 298
Tschudi, Larry 286
Tsetse flies 77
Tube bundle falling film reactor 54
Tube bundle reactor 53
Tubular aquarium, for algae production 187
Tubular reactor 47
Tungsten 71
– catalysts 76
Tungstic acid 65, 66
Turkish Red 268
Turnover numbers 71
Turpentine 221
Turpentine oils 144, 232
– composition 223
Tu, Youyou 230
Twitchell process 38
– continuous 39
Tyrian purple
– chemical structure 267
– production from snails 267
Tyrosine 253, 257
U
Ucciani, E. 68
Ultramarine 269
Umbra 274
Undecanedioic acid 74
10-Undecenal 82
10-Undecenoic acid 81, 336
– follow-up chemistry 81
10-Undecenol 82
Undecenol 81
Unsaturated fatty acid 24, 27, 63
Urey, Harold C. 255
UV stabilizers 244
V
Vacuum distillation 41, 223
– of fatty alcohols 48
Valine 253, 258
Vanilla 315, 317
– aroma 317
– extract 317
– pod 316
Vanillin 212–214, 313, 316
– as flavor 315
– from lignin 211
– production, flow diagram 212
– prices 317
– synthesis 316
Varnishes 25, 79, 97
– from linseed oil 27
Vascular plants 213
Vat dyeing 271
Veal 303
Vegetable 299
– fats 33
– oil biorefinery 345, 347
Vehicle construction 103
Verbena oil 223
Verbenol 225
Vernolic acid 20
Versalis 66
Vesper Martini 285
Vicinal diols 65, 85
Villier, A. 194
3-Vinylphenol 77
Violet scent 316
Virgin wool, from sheep 330
Viscoelastic polyurethanes 69
Viscose 329
– fiber 152
– process 152
– rayon 152, 158
– silk 152
Viscosity
– control 99
– improver 158
Vitamin
– A 232, 297, 316
– A1 231
– A, production 297
– A (retinol) 296
– B 1 296, 297
– B 1 (thiamine) 296
– B 2 297
– B 3 298
– B 5 298
– B 6 299
– B 7 299
– B 9 299
– B 12 187, 300
– B 12 depot 301
– C 124, 301
– C (ascorbic acid) 296
– C, physiological effect 302
– C, production 302
– D 2 232, 289, 303
– D (calciferole) 296
– D 3 , production 303
– E 228, 303
– E, structure 304
– E (tocopherols) 296
– H 299
– K 1 228, 304, 305
– K 1 (phyllochinone) 296
– K, structures 305
Vitamins 3, 295, 305
– discovery 296
– fat-soluble 296
– overview 296
– sensitivity 302
– significance 296
– water-soluble 296
Voith 150
von Baeyer, Adolf 272
von Goethe, Wolfgang 281
von Heyden, Friedrich 280
von Szent-Györgyi, Albert 301
Vulcanization 243, 246
– of caoutchouc 243
– press 246
W
Wallach, Otto 221, 236
Wallpaper paste 157
Walnut 297, 299
– leaves 267
– oil 31
Walton 79
Warwel, S. 71
Washed-out jeans 274
Washing agents 38
Wastewater treatment 182
Water 52
– decontamination 195
– gas shift reaction (WGSR) 105
– -soluble 305
– -soluble vitamins 297
Wax alcohols 45
Waxes 3, 6, 30, 58
– definition of 30