385
M–M
Index
l-Cysteine 258, 259
l-Dehydroascorbic acid 302
l-Dopa 258, 263
Lead 55
Leather 329
– applications 330
– manufacture 329
– production 335
Leaves 319
Le Chatelier’s principle 73
Lecithins 26
Lederhose, Georg 179
Legume family 26
Lemon 315
Lemongrass 224
– oil 315
Lemon juice 301
Lemons 302
Lenzing 153
Lesquerolic acid 20
Leucine 253, 256
Leuco form 271
Levi’s jeans 272
Levonorgestrel 292
Levulinic acid
– applications 122
– derivatives of 121
– esters 122
– from HMF 120, 121
– oxidation of 122
Lewis acids 120
l-Form 114
l-Glutamic acid 258, 299
Licanic acid 20
Lichens 289
Liebermann, Carl 269
Liebig, Justus 257
Light stabilizers 63
Lignin 4, 144, 148, 150, 199, 328
– Acetosolv process 209
– Alcell prozess 208
– analysis of 207
– as filler in wood 203
– binding pattern 205
– bond types 206
– cleavage by catalysts 212
– composition 206
– conversion to vanillin 211
– depolymerization 213
– for the production of chemicals 210
– function in plants 202
– gasification to syngas 210
– high qualitity 208
– hydrogenation 210
– hydrogenation to phenol 211
– in biomaterials 209
– material use 209
– occurence 202
– molecule 204
– organocell process 208
– phenolate 207, 213
– protection of wood 202
– pyrolysis 210
– quantities 202
– recovery 207
– sources 144
– structure 202
– structure example 204
Ligninsulfonates 207
– applications 209
– as dispergent agents 209
– properties 209
Lignin, use 209
Lignite 5
Lignocellulose 6, 202
– biorefinery 345, 349, 355
– biorefinery, scheme 350
– elemental composition 12
Lignosulfonates 213, 214
Lignosulfonic acids 148, 149
Lignum 202
Limes 318
Limonene 223–225
– oxide 225
– secondary compounds 226
Linaceae 26
Linalool 223
Lind, James 301
Linear dicarboxylic acids 336
Linen 26, 27, 165
– oils 20
Linkage
– of new C-C bonds 66
– of new C-H bonds 83
– of new C-O bonds 63
Linoleic acid 25–27, 29, 78, 146, 187
– hydrogenation of 83
– in rapeseed oil 25
– isomerization of 78
Linolenic acid 20, 25, 28, 78, 85, 146
– cyclization 80
– in linseed oil 27
– in soy oil 26
– polymerization of 78
– reactions 78
Linoleum 79
– cement 79
– from linseed oil 27
– production, flow diagram 80
– production of 79
Linoleyl alcohol 46
Linoxyn 79
Linseed oils 21, 25–27, 33, 274
– composition of 21, 27
– content 27
– polymerization of 27
Linseeds 27
Linum usitatissimum 26
Lipases 41, 63
Lipids 288
Lipsticks 30
Liquid–liquid separator 42
Liquid wood 210
l-Isoleucine 258
Liver 297–299
Liver oils 20, 289
l-Lysine 258
Lobsters, crabs 180
Lödige 157
Loudspeaker 210
Lowitz, J.T. 116
Low-pressure transesterification 42
l-Phenylalanine 258, 259
l-3,4-Dihydroxy-phenylalanine 258,
261
l-Threonine 258
l-Thyroxine 258, 263
l-Tryptophan 258
l-Tyrosine 258
Lubricants 30, 55, 57, 58, 72, 73, 76, 78,
98, 102
Lubricating oils, from castor oil 28
Lucerne 255
Lupines 257
Lupine shoots 255
Lupranol Balance 35 69
Lyocell process 153, 158
– of regenerated cellulose 153
Lysine 253, 256, 337
Lysozymes 182
M
Macaques 22
Maceration 318
Machine oils 28
Macintosh, Charles 243
Macroalgae 187
– producers 187
Macrofibrils 144, 202
– in wood 203
Macromolecules 202, 324
Madder 268
– roots 267
– varnishes 268
MAG, see monoacylglycerols
Maillard
– Louis Camille 260
– reaction 260, 263
Mainzer Kräuterbuch 278
Maize 255
Malaria 230, 284
– control 230
Maleic acid 336
Maleic anhydride 78
Maltodextrins 169
Maltose 130, 167
Malt sugar 130
Mandarin oils 224
Manganese 102
Manioc 163
Mannans 117
Mannitol 124
Mannose 117
Margaric acid 31
M–M
Index
l-Cysteine 258, 259
l-Dehydroascorbic acid 302
l-Dopa 258, 263
Lead 55
Leather 329
– applications 330
– manufacture 329
– production 335
Leaves 319
Le Chatelier’s principle 73
Lecithins 26
Lederhose, Georg 179
Legume family 26
Lemon 315
Lemongrass 224
– oil 315
Lemon juice 301
Lemons 302
Lenzing 153
Lesquerolic acid 20
Leucine 253, 256
Leuco form 271
Levi’s jeans 272
Levonorgestrel 292
Levulinic acid
– applications 122
– derivatives of 121
– esters 122
– from HMF 120, 121
– oxidation of 122
Lewis acids 120
l-Form 114
l-Glutamic acid 258, 299
Licanic acid 20
Lichens 289
Liebermann, Carl 269
Liebig, Justus 257
Light stabilizers 63
Lignin 4, 144, 148, 150, 199, 328
– Acetosolv process 209
– Alcell prozess 208
– analysis of 207
– as filler in wood 203
– binding pattern 205
– bond types 206
– cleavage by catalysts 212
– composition 206
– conversion to vanillin 211
– depolymerization 213
– for the production of chemicals 210
– function in plants 202
– gasification to syngas 210
– high qualitity 208
– hydrogenation 210
– hydrogenation to phenol 211
– in biomaterials 209
– material use 209
– occurence 202
– molecule 204
– organocell process 208
– phenolate 207, 213
– protection of wood 202
– pyrolysis 210
– quantities 202
– recovery 207
– sources 144
– structure 202
– structure example 204
Ligninsulfonates 207
– applications 209
– as dispergent agents 209
– properties 209
Lignin, use 209
Lignite 5
Lignocellulose 6, 202
– biorefinery 345, 349, 355
– biorefinery, scheme 350
– elemental composition 12
Lignosulfonates 213, 214
Lignosulfonic acids 148, 149
Lignum 202
Limes 318
Limonene 223–225
– oxide 225
– secondary compounds 226
Linaceae 26
Linalool 223
Lind, James 301
Linear dicarboxylic acids 336
Linen 26, 27, 165
– oils 20
Linkage
– of new C-C bonds 66
– of new C-H bonds 83
– of new C-O bonds 63
Linoleic acid 25–27, 29, 78, 146, 187
– hydrogenation of 83
– in rapeseed oil 25
– isomerization of 78
Linolenic acid 20, 25, 28, 78, 85, 146
– cyclization 80
– in linseed oil 27
– in soy oil 26
– polymerization of 78
– reactions 78
Linoleum 79
– cement 79
– from linseed oil 27
– production, flow diagram 80
– production of 79
Linoleyl alcohol 46
Linoxyn 79
Linseed oils 21, 25–27, 33, 274
– composition of 21, 27
– content 27
– polymerization of 27
Linseeds 27
Linum usitatissimum 26
Lipases 41, 63
Lipids 288
Lipsticks 30
Liquid–liquid separator 42
Liquid wood 210
l-Isoleucine 258
Liver 297–299
Liver oils 20, 289
l-Lysine 258
Lobsters, crabs 180
Lödige 157
Loudspeaker 210
Lowitz, J.T. 116
Low-pressure transesterification 42
l-Phenylalanine 258, 259
l-3,4-Dihydroxy-phenylalanine 258,
261
l-Threonine 258
l-Thyroxine 258, 263
l-Tryptophan 258
l-Tyrosine 258
Lubricants 30, 55, 57, 58, 72, 73, 76, 78,
98, 102
Lubricating oils, from castor oil 28
Lucerne 255
Lupines 257
Lupine shoots 255
Lupranol Balance 35 69
Lyocell process 153, 158
– of regenerated cellulose 153
Lysine 253, 256, 337
Lysozymes 182
M
Macaques 22
Maceration 318
Machine oils 28
Macintosh, Charles 243
Macroalgae 187
– producers 187
Macrofibrils 144, 202
– in wood 203
Macromolecules 202, 324
Madder 268
– roots 267
– varnishes 268
MAG, see monoacylglycerols
Maillard
– Louis Camille 260
– reaction 260, 263
Mainzer Kräuterbuch 278
Maize 255
Malaria 230, 284
– control 230
Maleic acid 336
Maleic anhydride 78
Maltodextrins 169
Maltose 130, 167
Malt sugar 130
Mandarin oils 224
Manganese 102
Manioc 163
Mannans 117
Mannitol 124
Mannose 117
Margaric acid 31