380
Index
Ethene 72
– cross metathesis of 72
– metathesis of 72
Ethenolysis 72
– of jojoba oil 76
– of methyl oleate 74
– of oleochemicals 73
– of triglycerides 85
– of triolein 75
Ether alcohols 63
Ethers 175
– of cellulose 155
– of starch 172
Ethoxylation
– degree 50
– flow‐diagram of 50
Ethyl acetate 283
Ethylcellulose (EC) 158
Ethyl chloride 155, 158
Ethylene carbonate 97
Ethylenediamine 70
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
(EDTA) 52
Ethylene oxide 50, 69, 155, 157, 172
Ethyl glucoside 125
3-Ethylphenol 77
Ethyl vanillin 316, 317
Eugenol 315, 317
Euphorbiaceae 27, 29
Europes biorefineries 354
Evans, Herbert M. 303
Evaporation
– crystallization 132
– of latex 240
Evaporator 91, 132
Evolution 255
Evonik 256
– -process, for methionine 257
Exoskeleton 3, 178
Explosive 95, 155
Extraction 283, 318, 321
– of oils 33
– solvent 23, 318
Extruder 43
F
FAE, see fatty alcohol ethoxylates
FAES, see fatty alcohol ethersulfates
Falling film reactor 53
FAME, see fatty acid methyl esters
Farina, Johann Maria 312
Farnesene 146, 232, 288
FAS, see fatty alcohol sulfates
FAS synthesis, flow schemes 53
Fat
– cleaving 42
– molecular structure 18
– molecule 18
Fats 3, 4, 6, 15, 18
– and oils, elemental composition 12
– animal 21, 31
– basic reactions of 38
– classes of 21
– composition of 21
– epoxidation of 63
– hydrogenation of 38
– hydrolysis of 18, 38
– melting point of 18
– polymerization of 41
– quality of 24
– saponification of 38, 43
– weather influence of 21
– world consumption 31
– worldwide production 31
Fat-soluble 305
Fat splitting 18, 38, 58
– by hydrogenation 43
– catalysts of 39
– continuous process 40
– discontinuous process 39
– heterogeneous catalysts in 41
– pressure reactor 39
– reaction conditions of 38
– reactor of 40
– space time yields 38
– under pressure 39
Fatty acid
– alkanolamides 43
– alkyl esters 58
– amides 45
– anhydrides 45, 57, 59
– chlorides 45, 57, 59
– derivatives 57
– esters 38, 58, 59
– ethoxylates 58
– ethoxylates, biodegradability
of 58
– glucamides 129
– isopropyl ester 58
– markets 41
– methyl esters 42, 58
– methyl esters, application of 43
– methyl esters, sulfonation 62
– N-methylglucamide 129, 139
– phenyl ester 58
– plant 45
Fatty acids 18, 38, 58, 149
– boiling points of 41
– chlorination of 62
– conversion of 41
– conversion to fatty acidanhydrides 58
– conversion to fatty amines 56
– dimerization of 70
– distillation 41
– epoxidation 63
– free 24
– IUPAC names 19
– markets 41
– plant 45
– potassium salts 43
– purification of 41
– reaction of 45
– reduction of 45
– salts 38
– saturated 62
– shortened nomenclature 19
– sodium salts 43
– trivial names 19
– unsaturated 63
– usage of 41
– with epoxy groups 19
– with functional groups 19
– with hydroxy groups 19
– with keto groups 19
– world capacity of 41
Fatty alcohol
– ether sulfates (FAES) 52, 54, 59,
128
– ether sulfates, production of 55
– ethoxylates (FAE) 59
– ethoxylates, application of 50
– ethoxylates, flow diagram of 51
– ethoxylates, sulfation of 54
– markets 48
– polyglycol ethers 50
Fatty alcohols 38, 43–45, 59, 125
– boiling points of 46
– condensation of 55
– conversion of 50
– conversion to fatty amines 57
– downstream chemistry 48
– ethoxylates (FAE) 50
– ethoxylation of 50
– history of 47
– miscibility of 45
– odor of 45
– production of 46
– properties of 45, 46
– purification of 48
– reaction with ammonia 57
– reaction with chlorosulfonic
acid 53
– reaction with glucose 126
– reaction with sulfur trioxide 51,
53
– sulfation of 51
– synthetic processes of 47
– synthetic routes 47
– wax‐like consistency 45
– world capacity of 47
– sulfates (FAS) 51, 59, 128
Fatty alcohol sulfates
– application of 51
– biodegradability 51
– production routes 53
– synthesis of 53
– washing capacity 51
Fatty aldehydes 47, 57
Fatty alkyldimethylamines 57
Fatty amides 56
Fatty amine oxides 57
Fatty amines 59
– applications 57
– production 56
Index
Ethene 72
– cross metathesis of 72
– metathesis of 72
Ethenolysis 72
– of jojoba oil 76
– of methyl oleate 74
– of oleochemicals 73
– of triglycerides 85
– of triolein 75
Ether alcohols 63
Ethers 175
– of cellulose 155
– of starch 172
Ethoxylation
– degree 50
– flow‐diagram of 50
Ethyl acetate 283
Ethylcellulose (EC) 158
Ethyl chloride 155, 158
Ethylene carbonate 97
Ethylenediamine 70
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
(EDTA) 52
Ethylene oxide 50, 69, 155, 157, 172
Ethyl glucoside 125
3-Ethylphenol 77
Ethyl vanillin 316, 317
Eugenol 315, 317
Euphorbiaceae 27, 29
Europes biorefineries 354
Evans, Herbert M. 303
Evaporation
– crystallization 132
– of latex 240
Evaporator 91, 132
Evolution 255
Evonik 256
– -process, for methionine 257
Exoskeleton 3, 178
Explosive 95, 155
Extraction 283, 318, 321
– of oils 33
– solvent 23, 318
Extruder 43
F
FAE, see fatty alcohol ethoxylates
FAES, see fatty alcohol ethersulfates
Falling film reactor 53
FAME, see fatty acid methyl esters
Farina, Johann Maria 312
Farnesene 146, 232, 288
FAS, see fatty alcohol sulfates
FAS synthesis, flow schemes 53
Fat
– cleaving 42
– molecular structure 18
– molecule 18
Fats 3, 4, 6, 15, 18
– and oils, elemental composition 12
– animal 21, 31
– basic reactions of 38
– classes of 21
– composition of 21
– epoxidation of 63
– hydrogenation of 38
– hydrolysis of 18, 38
– melting point of 18
– polymerization of 41
– quality of 24
– saponification of 38, 43
– weather influence of 21
– world consumption 31
– worldwide production 31
Fat-soluble 305
Fat splitting 18, 38, 58
– by hydrogenation 43
– catalysts of 39
– continuous process 40
– discontinuous process 39
– heterogeneous catalysts in 41
– pressure reactor 39
– reaction conditions of 38
– reactor of 40
– space time yields 38
– under pressure 39
Fatty acid
– alkanolamides 43
– alkyl esters 58
– amides 45
– anhydrides 45, 57, 59
– chlorides 45, 57, 59
– derivatives 57
– esters 38, 58, 59
– ethoxylates 58
– ethoxylates, biodegradability
of 58
– glucamides 129
– isopropyl ester 58
– markets 41
– methyl esters 42, 58
– methyl esters, application of 43
– methyl esters, sulfonation 62
– N-methylglucamide 129, 139
– phenyl ester 58
– plant 45
Fatty acids 18, 38, 58, 149
– boiling points of 41
– chlorination of 62
– conversion of 41
– conversion to fatty acidanhydrides 58
– conversion to fatty amines 56
– dimerization of 70
– distillation 41
– epoxidation 63
– free 24
– IUPAC names 19
– markets 41
– plant 45
– potassium salts 43
– purification of 41
– reaction of 45
– reduction of 45
– salts 38
– saturated 62
– shortened nomenclature 19
– sodium salts 43
– trivial names 19
– unsaturated 63
– usage of 41
– with epoxy groups 19
– with functional groups 19
– with hydroxy groups 19
– with keto groups 19
– world capacity of 41
Fatty alcohol
– ether sulfates (FAES) 52, 54, 59,
128
– ether sulfates, production of 55
– ethoxylates (FAE) 59
– ethoxylates, application of 50
– ethoxylates, flow diagram of 51
– ethoxylates, sulfation of 54
– markets 48
– polyglycol ethers 50
Fatty alcohols 38, 43–45, 59, 125
– boiling points of 46
– condensation of 55
– conversion of 50
– conversion to fatty amines 57
– downstream chemistry 48
– ethoxylates (FAE) 50
– ethoxylation of 50
– history of 47
– miscibility of 45
– odor of 45
– production of 46
– properties of 45, 46
– purification of 48
– reaction with ammonia 57
– reaction with chlorosulfonic
acid 53
– reaction with glucose 126
– reaction with sulfur trioxide 51,
53
– sulfation of 51
– synthetic processes of 47
– synthetic routes 47
– wax‐like consistency 45
– world capacity of 47
– sulfates (FAS) 51, 59, 128
Fatty alcohol sulfates
– application of 51
– biodegradability 51
– production routes 53
– synthesis of 53
– washing capacity 51
Fatty aldehydes 47, 57
Fatty alkyldimethylamines 57
Fatty amides 56
Fatty amine oxides 57
Fatty amines 59
– applications 57
– production 56