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Chapter 17 · Vital Amines - Vitamins
17
4. Which foods contain vitamin B 3 (niacin or
niacinamide)? Why is it possible to obtain
vitamin B 3 by eating milk and eggs? Why
does pellagra disease, the deficiency
disease of vitamin B 3 , occur particularly
strongly in the poor regions of South
America?
5. Why was vitamin B 7 (biotin) temporarily
called “vitamin H”? In which plants does it
occur?
6. Describe the basic structure of vitamin
B 12 (cobalamin)! How was the structure
finally clarified? Does a healthy person
have to consume vitamin B 12 every day?
7. What disease occurs with vitamin C
deficiency? Name the stages of the
Reichstein synthesis of vitamin C!
8. What is rickets? How can it be treated?
What foods you should consume?
9. Which structural varieties of vitamin E
exist? Which is the most biologically
effective? What is its physiological effect?
10. What is the chemical structure of vitamin
K? What is its function in the human
body?
References
Monographs and Review Articles
Schmiedel V (2019) Vitamine, Mineralstoffe und
Spurenelemente, Georg Thieme Verlag, 3rd edn.
Biesalski HK (2019) Vitamine, Spurenelemente und
Mine rale: Indikation, 2nd ed. Diagnostik, Therapie,
Thieme
Weber P, Birringer M, Blumberg JB, Eggersdorfer M, Frank
J (eds) (2019) Vitamin E in human health. Humana
Press, Springer Nature
Podlogar J, Smollich M (2019) Vitamine - Mineralstoffe –
Spurenelemente, Deutscher Apotheker Verlag
Feldman D, Pike JW, Bouillon R, Giovannucci E, Goltzman
D, Hewison M (eds) Vitamin D, Volume 1: biochemistry, physiology and diagnostics, 4th ed. Academic
Press
Gröber U, Kisters K (2018) Vitamin K - Ein altes Vitamin im
neuen Licht. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft,
Stuttgart
Combs Jr GF, McClung JP (2017) The vitamins, 5th ed.
Academic Press
Schäfer B (2014) Natural products in the chemical industry. Vitamins. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 589–676
and is involved in the formation of blood
cells.
5 The highly water-soluble ascorbic acid
(vitamin C) is a carbohydrate, a γ-lactone
of 2-keto-l-gulonic acid. It prevents the
occurrence of scurvy. It is produced by
the six-step Reichstein synthesis or purely
biotechnologically.
5 The fat-soluble calciferols (vitamin D)
prevent rickets and mineralize the bones.
They are formed when certain steroids are
irradiated. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D 3 ) is
found particularly in the liver oils of marine
fish. Industrial production takes place
“semi-synthetically” from cholesterol,
which is extracted from wool fat.
5 The four tocopherols (vitamin E) have
a chromanol structure to which a
terpene residue is bound. The α-, β-,
γ- and δ-tocopherols differ in how many
methyl groups are additionally bound
to the chromanol. The most biologically
effective E vitamin is α-tocopherol. It
is either isolated from edible oils or
produced chemically in a multistage
synthesis. Vitamin E is the “fertility
vitamin”. Its deficiency leads to dry skin
and poorly healing wounds.
5 Vitamin K 1 is phylloquinone, a
2-methylnaphthoquinone with a
terpenoid side chain. It is found in
numerous green plants, such as
cabbage and spinach. It controls blood
coagulation and activates bone formation
and thus prevents osteoporosis.
? Ten Quickies
1. Which vitamins are fat soluble, which are
water soluble? Explain your statement
with the structure of the respective
vitamins!
2. Which diseases can occur if the supply of
vitamin A, retinol, is insufficient?
3. What is beriberi disease and with which
vitamin can it be treated? What is the
structure of this vitamin?
Chapter 17 · Vital Amines - Vitamins
17
4. Which foods contain vitamin B 3 (niacin or
niacinamide)? Why is it possible to obtain
vitamin B 3 by eating milk and eggs? Why
does pellagra disease, the deficiency
disease of vitamin B 3 , occur particularly
strongly in the poor regions of South
America?
5. Why was vitamin B 7 (biotin) temporarily
called “vitamin H”? In which plants does it
occur?
6. Describe the basic structure of vitamin
B 12 (cobalamin)! How was the structure
finally clarified? Does a healthy person
have to consume vitamin B 12 every day?
7. What disease occurs with vitamin C
deficiency? Name the stages of the
Reichstein synthesis of vitamin C!
8. What is rickets? How can it be treated?
What foods you should consume?
9. Which structural varieties of vitamin E
exist? Which is the most biologically
effective? What is its physiological effect?
10. What is the chemical structure of vitamin
K? What is its function in the human
body?
References
Monographs and Review Articles
Schmiedel V (2019) Vitamine, Mineralstoffe und
Spurenelemente, Georg Thieme Verlag, 3rd edn.
Biesalski HK (2019) Vitamine, Spurenelemente und
Mine rale: Indikation, 2nd ed. Diagnostik, Therapie,
Thieme
Weber P, Birringer M, Blumberg JB, Eggersdorfer M, Frank
J (eds) (2019) Vitamin E in human health. Humana
Press, Springer Nature
Podlogar J, Smollich M (2019) Vitamine - Mineralstoffe –
Spurenelemente, Deutscher Apotheker Verlag
Feldman D, Pike JW, Bouillon R, Giovannucci E, Goltzman
D, Hewison M (eds) Vitamin D, Volume 1: biochemistry, physiology and diagnostics, 4th ed. Academic
Press
Gröber U, Kisters K (2018) Vitamin K - Ein altes Vitamin im
neuen Licht. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft,
Stuttgart
Combs Jr GF, McClung JP (2017) The vitamins, 5th ed.
Academic Press
Schäfer B (2014) Natural products in the chemical industry. Vitamins. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 589–676
and is involved in the formation of blood
cells.
5 The highly water-soluble ascorbic acid
(vitamin C) is a carbohydrate, a γ-lactone
of 2-keto-l-gulonic acid. It prevents the
occurrence of scurvy. It is produced by
the six-step Reichstein synthesis or purely
biotechnologically.
5 The fat-soluble calciferols (vitamin D)
prevent rickets and mineralize the bones.
They are formed when certain steroids are
irradiated. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D 3 ) is
found particularly in the liver oils of marine
fish. Industrial production takes place
“semi-synthetically” from cholesterol,
which is extracted from wool fat.
5 The four tocopherols (vitamin E) have
a chromanol structure to which a
terpene residue is bound. The α-, β-,
γ- and δ-tocopherols differ in how many
methyl groups are additionally bound
to the chromanol. The most biologically
effective E vitamin is α-tocopherol. It
is either isolated from edible oils or
produced chemically in a multistage
synthesis. Vitamin E is the “fertility
vitamin”. Its deficiency leads to dry skin
and poorly healing wounds.
5 Vitamin K 1 is phylloquinone, a
2-methylnaphthoquinone with a
terpenoid side chain. It is found in
numerous green plants, such as
cabbage and spinach. It controls blood
coagulation and activates bone formation
and thus prevents osteoporosis.
? Ten Quickies
1. Which vitamins are fat soluble, which are
water soluble? Explain your statement
with the structure of the respective
vitamins!
2. Which diseases can occur if the supply of
vitamin A, retinol, is insufficient?
3. What is beriberi disease and with which
vitamin can it be treated? What is the
structure of this vitamin?