137
6
As a sweetener, it is used in the production of
confectionery of all kinds, e.g. chocolate, sweets
and chewing gums, but also for baking mixes
and pharmaceuticals. Isomalt and isomaltulose
are also important starting materials for numerous downstream products with a wide variety of
applications.
The OH groups of sucrose can also be used to
produce sugar-based polymers. These include polyesters, polycarbonates and polyurethanes. The
reaction with dicarboxylic acids, e.g. phthalic acids,
leads to alkyd resins (7 Chap. 19 on biopolymers).
6.4 Outlook on Further
Oligo- and Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides are divided into oligosaccharides (two to seven units) and polysaccharides (more than seven units). A large number
of oligosaccharides are found especially in
honey and legumes. One example of trisaccharides is raffinose, which is composed of
the monosaccharides galactose, glucose and
fructose (. Fig. 6.26). The official name is
O-d-galactopyranosyl-(1α → 6)-O-d-glucopyranosyl-(1α → 2β)-O-d-fructofuranoside.
In some plants, raffinose replaces starch as
a storage carbohydrate. It is found in beet sugar
and accumulates in molasses during sugar processing. It is also found in sweet potatoes, legumes (soybeans, chickpeas), honey and cotton
seeds. In peas and beans, it comprises almost
15% of the dry matter. Its sweetening power is
only about a quarter of that of sucrose. In genO
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
HO
HO
OH O
OH
Sucrose
O
HO
HO
O
OH
OH
H
HO
HO
O
OH
OH
Isom.
[Enz.]
Isomaltulose
O
HO
H
CH 2 OH
OH
H OH
O
H
CH 2 OH
OH
H
H
HO
OH
H
OH
H
Isomalt
Hydrogenation
+H 2
[Ni]
. Fig. 6.25 Conversion of sucrose to isomaltulose and
isomalt
. Fig. 6.26 Chemical
structure of the trisaccharide
raffinose
O
OH
HO
OH
O
OH
O
HO
HO
OH
O
CH 2
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
CH 2 OH
H
CH 2 OH
H
HO
H HO
4
1
2
3
5
6
4
β
α
4
1 α
1
6.3 · Disaccharides
6
As a sweetener, it is used in the production of
confectionery of all kinds, e.g. chocolate, sweets
and chewing gums, but also for baking mixes
and pharmaceuticals. Isomalt and isomaltulose
are also important starting materials for numerous downstream products with a wide variety of
applications.
The OH groups of sucrose can also be used to
produce sugar-based polymers. These include polyesters, polycarbonates and polyurethanes. The
reaction with dicarboxylic acids, e.g. phthalic acids,
leads to alkyd resins (7 Chap. 19 on biopolymers).
6.4 Outlook on Further
Oligo- and Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides are divided into oligosaccharides (two to seven units) and polysaccharides (more than seven units). A large number
of oligosaccharides are found especially in
honey and legumes. One example of trisaccharides is raffinose, which is composed of
the monosaccharides galactose, glucose and
fructose (. Fig. 6.26). The official name is
O-d-galactopyranosyl-(1α → 6)-O-d-glucopyranosyl-(1α → 2β)-O-d-fructofuranoside.
In some plants, raffinose replaces starch as
a storage carbohydrate. It is found in beet sugar
and accumulates in molasses during sugar processing. It is also found in sweet potatoes, legumes (soybeans, chickpeas), honey and cotton
seeds. In peas and beans, it comprises almost
15% of the dry matter. Its sweetening power is
only about a quarter of that of sucrose. In genO
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
HO
HO
OH O
OH
Sucrose
O
HO
HO
O
OH
OH
H
HO
HO
O
OH
OH
Isom.
[Enz.]
Isomaltulose
O
HO
H
CH 2 OH
OH
H OH
O
H
CH 2 OH
OH
H
H
HO
OH
H
OH
H
Isomalt
Hydrogenation
+H 2
[Ni]
. Fig. 6.25 Conversion of sucrose to isomaltulose and
isomalt
. Fig. 6.26 Chemical
structure of the trisaccharide
raffinose
O
OH
HO
OH
O
OH
O
HO
HO
OH
O
CH 2
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
CH 2 OH
H
CH 2 OH
H
HO
H HO
4
1
2
3
5
6
4
β
α
4
1 α
1
6.3 · Disaccharides