25 Cosmetics and Cosmeceutical Applications of Microalgae Pigments
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oxygen-derived free radicals which can lead to oxidative stress (Bhalamurugan et al.
2018; Mourelle et al. 2017).
25.4.3 Stress Protection
Microalgae metabolites products such as carotenoids are well-known to possess
strong antioxidant properties and widely used in healthcare applications to protect
from oxidative stress. Rinnerthaler et al. (2015) mentioned oxidative stress plays a
major role in cornification and aging process of human skin (Rinnerthaler et al. 2015).
Various stresses including daily exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun leading
to the generation of ROS and disturb healthy skin conditions. Oxidative stress leads
to premature signs of aging, uneven skin tone and texture, and even breaks down the
essential proteins that support the skin.
Degradation of collagen and elastin in the dermal skin layer can be caused by
oxidant events and molecular mechanisms of skin aging involve damage to DNA, the
inflammatory response, decreased antioxidant production, and the generation matrix
metalloprotein (MMP). Eventually those events lead to skin damage and reflect the
aging process such as the loss of tensile strength and elasticity, the disruption of
cellular dermal matrix, the appearance of wrinkles, age spots, and skin tone loss
(Lephart 2016). Thus, dynamic equilibrium between antioxidant and ROS is needed
as oxidative stress preventive.
Fucoxanthin possesses prominent antioxidant activity against H 2 O 2 -mediated cell
damage and might be a potential therapeutic agent for treating or preventing oxidative
stress (Heo et al. 2008). This pigment is present abundantly in several microalgae
such as Phaeodactylum tricornotum, Odontella aurita, and Isochrysis aff. galbana.
Astaxanthin is another excellent antioxidant that exhibits higher antioxidant activity
than vitamins A and E. Davinelli et al. (2018) reported astaxanthin activities in the
skin inhibit collagenases, MMP activity, inflammatory mediators and ROS induction,
resulting in potent antiwrinkle and antioxidant effects (Davinelli et al. 2018).
25.4.4 Tanning Products/Pills
Tanning is an acclimatizational reaction of skin to increasing levels of UV exposure
(Kalla 2007). It creates a natural shield against ultraviolet radiation. The melanin
protects the skin by filtering the wavelength of sunlight that induce the formation of
dangerous free radicals (Biba 2014). Tanning has become immensely popular over
the years. Many people consider tan skin more attractive than pale skin. Tan makes
the skin stand out, highlighting contours and giving it a glowing look. Moreover,
being tan is often associated with leisure time, glamour, and good health.
It is well-known that UV exposure is the main cause of skin cancer and premature
aging. According to public awareness of the high risk of UV tanning, tanning products
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oxygen-derived free radicals which can lead to oxidative stress (Bhalamurugan et al.
2018; Mourelle et al. 2017).
25.4.3 Stress Protection
Microalgae metabolites products such as carotenoids are well-known to possess
strong antioxidant properties and widely used in healthcare applications to protect
from oxidative stress. Rinnerthaler et al. (2015) mentioned oxidative stress plays a
major role in cornification and aging process of human skin (Rinnerthaler et al. 2015).
Various stresses including daily exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun leading
to the generation of ROS and disturb healthy skin conditions. Oxidative stress leads
to premature signs of aging, uneven skin tone and texture, and even breaks down the
essential proteins that support the skin.
Degradation of collagen and elastin in the dermal skin layer can be caused by
oxidant events and molecular mechanisms of skin aging involve damage to DNA, the
inflammatory response, decreased antioxidant production, and the generation matrix
metalloprotein (MMP). Eventually those events lead to skin damage and reflect the
aging process such as the loss of tensile strength and elasticity, the disruption of
cellular dermal matrix, the appearance of wrinkles, age spots, and skin tone loss
(Lephart 2016). Thus, dynamic equilibrium between antioxidant and ROS is needed
as oxidative stress preventive.
Fucoxanthin possesses prominent antioxidant activity against H 2 O 2 -mediated cell
damage and might be a potential therapeutic agent for treating or preventing oxidative
stress (Heo et al. 2008). This pigment is present abundantly in several microalgae
such as Phaeodactylum tricornotum, Odontella aurita, and Isochrysis aff. galbana.
Astaxanthin is another excellent antioxidant that exhibits higher antioxidant activity
than vitamins A and E. Davinelli et al. (2018) reported astaxanthin activities in the
skin inhibit collagenases, MMP activity, inflammatory mediators and ROS induction,
resulting in potent antiwrinkle and antioxidant effects (Davinelli et al. 2018).
25.4.4 Tanning Products/Pills
Tanning is an acclimatizational reaction of skin to increasing levels of UV exposure
(Kalla 2007). It creates a natural shield against ultraviolet radiation. The melanin
protects the skin by filtering the wavelength of sunlight that induce the formation of
dangerous free radicals (Biba 2014). Tanning has become immensely popular over
the years. Many people consider tan skin more attractive than pale skin. Tan makes
the skin stand out, highlighting contours and giving it a glowing look. Moreover,
being tan is often associated with leisure time, glamour, and good health.
It is well-known that UV exposure is the main cause of skin cancer and premature
aging. According to public awareness of the high risk of UV tanning, tanning products