622
R. Pangestuti et al.
microalgae pigments, it might suggest that microalgae pigments can be used as an
effective ingredient in cosmetic and sunscreen to protect skin from UV radiation.
25.4.2 Antiaging
The skin is the largest organ of human body which covers the entire external surface
of the body. The skin is composed of three main layers: the outermost layer (a)
epidermis, the inner layers, (b) dermis, and (c) hypodermis (Katiyar et al. 2007) The
skin acts as a physical barrier to protect the body against harmful external agents
such as pathogens, UV light, chemicals, and mechanical injuries (Pérez-Sánchez et al.
2018). In aged skin, the structural ability and physiological function are decreased,
which increases the susceptibility to dermatologic disorder including laxity, wrinkles,
dermatitis, xerosis, and cherry angioma (Kim et al. 2018). Skin aging can be affected
by certain factors, those factors are genetic (dominant factor) and environmental
factors that play an important role such as ultraviolet exposure, smoking, and weather
(Guillerme et al. 2017).
Microalgae pigment is found to exhibit significant antiaging effects on the skin.
It has been mentioned that β-carotene one of microalgae pigment has an excellent
potential as aging preventive (de Jesus Raposo et al. 2013). β-carotene is commonly
produced by microalgae Dunaliella salina that may produce up to 10% of its dry
weight biomass in β-carotene. Sathasivam and colleagues stated β-carotene helps in
preventing the formation of free radicals that can cause premature aging in skin cells
(Sathasivam and Ki 2018).
Astaxanthin is known as one of the most powerful antioxidants. Based on its
remarkable antioxidant property it is highly potential to apply astaxanthin in antiaging care which is better than α-tocopherol (Guillerme et al. 2017). Cumulative
cellular damage by ROS is related to the development of aging. Oxidative stress
level is determined by the balance of ROS and antioxidant defense. A research work
has investigated Haematococcus pluvialis contains high astaxanthin levels that was
capable to protect mutant fruit flies against oxidative stress and increase its lifespan.
Therefore those results strongly support the antiaging properties of microalgae H.
pluvialis and its therapeutic potency (Huangfu et al. 2013).
Another work reported that carotenoid lutein showed protective reactions to UV
radiation, especially in combination with other antioxidant systems (Lee et al. 2004).
Lutein is a promising carotenoid found in several microalgae such as Scenedesmus
salina, Chlorella, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquss, Dunaliella salina, and
Mougeotia sp. (Mäki-Arvela et al. 2014). Due to its similar physicochemical properties to astaxanthin, lutein has been used for applications related to human health
such as age-related macular degeneration (Zuluaga et al. 2017). Together with zeaxanthin, lutein supports a nutrient relationship in preventing age-related cataracts and
maculopathy (Bule et al. 2018).
Other microalgae carotenoids have been used in beauty care formulation as an antiaging agent, such as lycopene. Lycopene is an efficient antioxidant that can neutralize
R. Pangestuti et al.
microalgae pigments, it might suggest that microalgae pigments can be used as an
effective ingredient in cosmetic and sunscreen to protect skin from UV radiation.
25.4.2 Antiaging
The skin is the largest organ of human body which covers the entire external surface
of the body. The skin is composed of three main layers: the outermost layer (a)
epidermis, the inner layers, (b) dermis, and (c) hypodermis (Katiyar et al. 2007) The
skin acts as a physical barrier to protect the body against harmful external agents
such as pathogens, UV light, chemicals, and mechanical injuries (Pérez-Sánchez et al.
2018). In aged skin, the structural ability and physiological function are decreased,
which increases the susceptibility to dermatologic disorder including laxity, wrinkles,
dermatitis, xerosis, and cherry angioma (Kim et al. 2018). Skin aging can be affected
by certain factors, those factors are genetic (dominant factor) and environmental
factors that play an important role such as ultraviolet exposure, smoking, and weather
(Guillerme et al. 2017).
Microalgae pigment is found to exhibit significant antiaging effects on the skin.
It has been mentioned that β-carotene one of microalgae pigment has an excellent
potential as aging preventive (de Jesus Raposo et al. 2013). β-carotene is commonly
produced by microalgae Dunaliella salina that may produce up to 10% of its dry
weight biomass in β-carotene. Sathasivam and colleagues stated β-carotene helps in
preventing the formation of free radicals that can cause premature aging in skin cells
(Sathasivam and Ki 2018).
Astaxanthin is known as one of the most powerful antioxidants. Based on its
remarkable antioxidant property it is highly potential to apply astaxanthin in antiaging care which is better than α-tocopherol (Guillerme et al. 2017). Cumulative
cellular damage by ROS is related to the development of aging. Oxidative stress
level is determined by the balance of ROS and antioxidant defense. A research work
has investigated Haematococcus pluvialis contains high astaxanthin levels that was
capable to protect mutant fruit flies against oxidative stress and increase its lifespan.
Therefore those results strongly support the antiaging properties of microalgae H.
pluvialis and its therapeutic potency (Huangfu et al. 2013).
Another work reported that carotenoid lutein showed protective reactions to UV
radiation, especially in combination with other antioxidant systems (Lee et al. 2004).
Lutein is a promising carotenoid found in several microalgae such as Scenedesmus
salina, Chlorella, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquss, Dunaliella salina, and
Mougeotia sp. (Mäki-Arvela et al. 2014). Due to its similar physicochemical properties to astaxanthin, lutein has been used for applications related to human health
such as age-related macular degeneration (Zuluaga et al. 2017). Together with zeaxanthin, lutein supports a nutrient relationship in preventing age-related cataracts and
maculopathy (Bule et al. 2018).
Other microalgae carotenoids have been used in beauty care formulation as an antiaging agent, such as lycopene. Lycopene is an efficient antioxidant that can neutralize