624
R. Pangestuti et al.
have become a particularly popular alternative including sunless tanner, bronzer,
tanning preparations, tanning promoter, and tanning pills. To date, these products
have gained a great interest of cosmetic industry since they provide a safer way to
tan and aesthetically pleasing.
Research on cosmeceutical properties of microalgae pigments has led to the development of various beauty care products. One of those products comes as a tanning
pill. The most common ingredient in tanning pills is canthaxanthin. Canthaxanthin is an intense red-orange carotenoid that can be found abundantly in green
microalgae species such as Chlorella zofingiensis, Chlorella vulgaris, Coelastrella
striolata var. multistriata, Haematococcus pluvialis, Nannochloropsis gaditana, and
Nannochloropsis salina (Abe et al. 2007; Li et al. 2006; Lubián et al. 2000; Nobre
et al. 2006; Raposo et al. 2015). This secondary carotenoid has been investigated to
provide beneficial effects for human body, such as antioxidant, antitumor, and skin
protector by creating skin tan color (Gong and Bassi 2016; Lober 1985).
Canthaxanthin darkens the skin color by depositing its red-orange color in the
epidermis and subcutaneous fat. An orange-brown color appears through the skin
at its sufficient concentration (Garone et al. 2015; Gupta et al. 1985; O’Leary et al.
2014). Oral tanning pill containing canthaxanthin has also been reported to be effectively used in the treatment of a variety of dermatology disorders (Wang et al. 2015).
The effect of oral canthaxanthin in the treatment of vitiligo has been evaluated. Fifty
six patients with vitiligo were treated with canthaxanthin serum as a pigmenting
agent. Dosages were weight adjusted and were administered for at least 20 days. The
evaluation showed that 73% of light skinned patients were satisfied with results and
27% of them were unsatisfied. Treatment appeared to be less effective in dark skinned
patients. This study showed that oral canthaxanthin can give excellent result in
selected cases of vitiligo. The excellent results of the canthaxanthin pill effects in the
treatment of erythropoietic protoporphyria have been obtained as well (Eales 1978).
Patients with polymorphous light eruptions have also been successfully treated with
a combination of β-carotene and canthaxanthin (Hulisz and Boles 1993; Suhonen
and Plosila 1981). However, the daily intake of canthaxanthin pill for tanning may
cause urticarial, hepatitis, and fatal aplastic anemia. Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) has not approved canthaxanthin use as a tanning agent. It is currently approved
as a food colorant. Therefore, further study of canthaxanthin use as tanning pills is
needed.
25.4.5 Colorants in Make-up Products
The market for natural dyes in cosmetics continues to grow on a global scale due
to increasing popularity of green lifestyle based on naturally sustainable sources
(Grifoni et al. 2009). Many cosmetic manufacturers are seeking natural colorants that
offer additional health beneficial effects such as UV protection, antiaging, antioxidant and antibacterial in foundations, make-up products, beauty care products, hair
R. Pangestuti et al.
have become a particularly popular alternative including sunless tanner, bronzer,
tanning preparations, tanning promoter, and tanning pills. To date, these products
have gained a great interest of cosmetic industry since they provide a safer way to
tan and aesthetically pleasing.
Research on cosmeceutical properties of microalgae pigments has led to the development of various beauty care products. One of those products comes as a tanning
pill. The most common ingredient in tanning pills is canthaxanthin. Canthaxanthin is an intense red-orange carotenoid that can be found abundantly in green
microalgae species such as Chlorella zofingiensis, Chlorella vulgaris, Coelastrella
striolata var. multistriata, Haematococcus pluvialis, Nannochloropsis gaditana, and
Nannochloropsis salina (Abe et al. 2007; Li et al. 2006; Lubián et al. 2000; Nobre
et al. 2006; Raposo et al. 2015). This secondary carotenoid has been investigated to
provide beneficial effects for human body, such as antioxidant, antitumor, and skin
protector by creating skin tan color (Gong and Bassi 2016; Lober 1985).
Canthaxanthin darkens the skin color by depositing its red-orange color in the
epidermis and subcutaneous fat. An orange-brown color appears through the skin
at its sufficient concentration (Garone et al. 2015; Gupta et al. 1985; O’Leary et al.
2014). Oral tanning pill containing canthaxanthin has also been reported to be effectively used in the treatment of a variety of dermatology disorders (Wang et al. 2015).
The effect of oral canthaxanthin in the treatment of vitiligo has been evaluated. Fifty
six patients with vitiligo were treated with canthaxanthin serum as a pigmenting
agent. Dosages were weight adjusted and were administered for at least 20 days. The
evaluation showed that 73% of light skinned patients were satisfied with results and
27% of them were unsatisfied. Treatment appeared to be less effective in dark skinned
patients. This study showed that oral canthaxanthin can give excellent result in
selected cases of vitiligo. The excellent results of the canthaxanthin pill effects in the
treatment of erythropoietic protoporphyria have been obtained as well (Eales 1978).
Patients with polymorphous light eruptions have also been successfully treated with
a combination of β-carotene and canthaxanthin (Hulisz and Boles 1993; Suhonen
and Plosila 1981). However, the daily intake of canthaxanthin pill for tanning may
cause urticarial, hepatitis, and fatal aplastic anemia. Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) has not approved canthaxanthin use as a tanning agent. It is currently approved
as a food colorant. Therefore, further study of canthaxanthin use as tanning pills is
needed.
25.4.5 Colorants in Make-up Products
The market for natural dyes in cosmetics continues to grow on a global scale due
to increasing popularity of green lifestyle based on naturally sustainable sources
(Grifoni et al. 2009). Many cosmetic manufacturers are seeking natural colorants that
offer additional health beneficial effects such as UV protection, antiaging, antioxidant and antibacterial in foundations, make-up products, beauty care products, hair