18 Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Carotenoids
463
antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-atherosclerosis activities. However, in many cases,
their carotenoids are used together with the other carotenoids such as β-carotene and
lutein, and are sold as a multi carotenoid supplement. Capsanthin has relatively big
market share of carotenoids (around 10% of carotenoid market in 2010), but the main
applications are not for supplements but for food colors and feeds.
References
Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. (2001). A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for agerelated macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Archives of Ophthalmology,
119, 1417–1436.
Aizawa, K., & Inakuma, T. (2009). Dietary capsanthin, the main carotenoid in paprika (Capsicum
annuum), alters plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and hepatic gene expression
in rats. British Journal of Nutrition, 102, 1760–1766.
Albanes, D., Heinonen, O. P., Taylor, P. R., Virtamo, J., Edwards, B. K., Rautalahti, M., et al. (1996).
α-Tocopherol and β-carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the alpha-tocopherol,
beta-carotene cancer prevention study: effects of base-line characteristics and study compliance.
Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 88, 1560–1570.
Ambati, R., Phang, S. M., Ravi, S., & Aswathanarayana, R. (2014). Astaxanthin: Sources, extraction,
stability, biological activities and its commercial applications—A review. Marine Drugs, 12,
128–152.
Blot, W. J., Li, J. Y., Taylor, P. R., Guo, W., Dawsey, S., Wang, G. Q., et al. (1993). Nutrition
intervention trials in Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population. Journal of the
National Cancer Institute, 85, 1483–1491.
Böhm, V., Puspitasari-Nienaber, N. L., Ferruzzi, M. G., & Schwartz, S. J. (2002). Trolox equivalent
antioxidant capacity of different geometrical isomers of α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, and
zeaxanthin. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 50, 221–226.
Breithaupt, D. E., & Bamedi, A. (2001). Carotenoid esters in vegetables and fruits: A screening with
emphasis on β-cryptoxanthin esters. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 49, 2064–2070.
Business Communications Company. (2011). The Global Market for Carotenoids—FOD025D.
https://www.bccresearch.com/market-research/food-and-beverage/carotenoids-global-marketfod025d.html.
Business Communications Company. (2015). The Global Market for Carotenoids—FOD025E.
https://www.bccresearch.com/market-research/food-and-beverage/carotenoids-global-marketreport-fod025e.html.
Che, H., Li, Q., Zhang, T., Wang, D., Yang, L., Xu, J., et al. (2018). Effects of astaxanthin and
docosahexaenoic-acid-acylated astaxanthin on alzheimer’s disease in APP/PS1 double-transgenic
mice. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 66, 4948–4957.
Cheng, H. M., Koutsidis, G., Lodge, J. K., Ashor, A., Siervo, M., & Lara, J. (2017). Tomato and
lycopene supplementation and cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Atherosclerosis, 257, 100–108.
Cooperstone, J. L., Ralston, R. A., Riedl, K. M., Haufe, T. C., Schweiggert, R. M., King, S. A.,
et al. (2015). Enhanced bioavailability of lycopene when consumed as cis-isomers from tangerine
compared to red tomato juice, a randomized, cross-over clinical trial. Molecular Nutrition & Food
Research, 59, 658–669.
Coral-Hinostroza, G. N., Ytrestøyl, T., Ruyter, B., & Bjerkeng, B. (2004). Plasma appearance of
unesterified astaxanthin geometrical E/Z and optical R/S isomers in men given single doses
463
antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-atherosclerosis activities. However, in many cases,
their carotenoids are used together with the other carotenoids such as β-carotene and
lutein, and are sold as a multi carotenoid supplement. Capsanthin has relatively big
market share of carotenoids (around 10% of carotenoid market in 2010), but the main
applications are not for supplements but for food colors and feeds.
References
Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. (2001). A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for agerelated macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Archives of Ophthalmology,
119, 1417–1436.
Aizawa, K., & Inakuma, T. (2009). Dietary capsanthin, the main carotenoid in paprika (Capsicum
annuum), alters plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and hepatic gene expression
in rats. British Journal of Nutrition, 102, 1760–1766.
Albanes, D., Heinonen, O. P., Taylor, P. R., Virtamo, J., Edwards, B. K., Rautalahti, M., et al. (1996).
α-Tocopherol and β-carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the alpha-tocopherol,
beta-carotene cancer prevention study: effects of base-line characteristics and study compliance.
Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 88, 1560–1570.
Ambati, R., Phang, S. M., Ravi, S., & Aswathanarayana, R. (2014). Astaxanthin: Sources, extraction,
stability, biological activities and its commercial applications—A review. Marine Drugs, 12,
128–152.
Blot, W. J., Li, J. Y., Taylor, P. R., Guo, W., Dawsey, S., Wang, G. Q., et al. (1993). Nutrition
intervention trials in Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population. Journal of the
National Cancer Institute, 85, 1483–1491.
Böhm, V., Puspitasari-Nienaber, N. L., Ferruzzi, M. G., & Schwartz, S. J. (2002). Trolox equivalent
antioxidant capacity of different geometrical isomers of α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, and
zeaxanthin. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 50, 221–226.
Breithaupt, D. E., & Bamedi, A. (2001). Carotenoid esters in vegetables and fruits: A screening with
emphasis on β-cryptoxanthin esters. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 49, 2064–2070.
Business Communications Company. (2011). The Global Market for Carotenoids—FOD025D.
https://www.bccresearch.com/market-research/food-and-beverage/carotenoids-global-marketfod025d.html.
Business Communications Company. (2015). The Global Market for Carotenoids—FOD025E.
https://www.bccresearch.com/market-research/food-and-beverage/carotenoids-global-marketreport-fod025e.html.
Che, H., Li, Q., Zhang, T., Wang, D., Yang, L., Xu, J., et al. (2018). Effects of astaxanthin and
docosahexaenoic-acid-acylated astaxanthin on alzheimer’s disease in APP/PS1 double-transgenic
mice. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 66, 4948–4957.
Cheng, H. M., Koutsidis, G., Lodge, J. K., Ashor, A., Siervo, M., & Lara, J. (2017). Tomato and
lycopene supplementation and cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Atherosclerosis, 257, 100–108.
Cooperstone, J. L., Ralston, R. A., Riedl, K. M., Haufe, T. C., Schweiggert, R. M., King, S. A.,
et al. (2015). Enhanced bioavailability of lycopene when consumed as cis-isomers from tangerine
compared to red tomato juice, a randomized, cross-over clinical trial. Molecular Nutrition & Food
Research, 59, 658–669.
Coral-Hinostroza, G. N., Ytrestøyl, T., Ruyter, B., & Bjerkeng, B. (2004). Plasma appearance of
unesterified astaxanthin geometrical E/Z and optical R/S isomers in men given single doses