12 Industrial Extraction of Microalgal Pigments
289
Table 12.3
(continued)
Study
Species
Biomass state
Pretreatment and cell
rupture
Extraction solvents and
conditions
Maximum
yield/recovery at
optimum conditions
Key findings
Machmudah et al.
(2006)
H. pluvialis
Powder
n/a
Supercritical carbon
dioxide extraction with
ethanol as a co-solvent
77.9 wt% of available
astaxanthin at 55 MPa,
343 K and 3 ml/min
CO
2
The amount of total
extract, the
astaxanthin recovery
and the astaxanthin
content in the extract
increased with
increasing temperature
and pressure
Sarada et al. (2006) H. pluvialis
Red cyst,
freeze-dried
In some experiments,
biomass was treated
for
chlorophyll
removal: 5%
methanolic KOH at
70 °C
Three different
extraction methods: 1.
biomass
homogenisation with
pestle and mortar
followed by acetone
extraction. 2. direct
extraction with
acetone, methanol and
DMSO. 3. biomass
treatment with HCl
(1–10 N) and other
acids at 70 °C followed
by acetone extraction
86.40 wt% of available
astaxanthin with
method 3
During HCl-acetone
extraction, HCl acted
as a disruption agent
which cleaved vital
bonds in the cell wall
to facilitate solvent
access into the cells
(continued)