124
M. Scarsini et al.
Steinbrenner, J., & Sandmann, G. (2006). Transformation of the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis
with a phytoene desaturase for accelerated astaxanthin biosynthesis. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology, 72, 7477–7484.
Su, Y., Wang, J., Shi, M., Niu, X., Yu, X., Gao, L., et al. (2014). Metabolomic and network analysis
of astaxanthin-producing Haematococcus pluvialis under various stress conditions. Bioresource
Technology, 170, 522–529.
Sujak, A. (2009). Interactions between canthaxanthin and lipid membranes—Possible mechanisms
of canthaxanthin toxicity. Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters, 14, 395–410.
Sun, Z., Gantt, E., & Cunningham, F. X. (1996). Cloning and functional analysis of the β-carotene
hydroxylase of Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271, 24349–24352.
Sun, N., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Huang, J., & Chen, F. (2008). Sugar-based growth, astaxanthin accumulation and carotenogenic transcription of heterotrophic Chlorella zofingiensis (Chlorophyta).
Process Biochemistry, 43, 1288–1292.
Takaichi, S. (2011). Carotenoids in algae: Distributions, biosyntheses and functions. Marine Drugs,
9, 1101–1118.
Takemura, M., Kubo, A., Higuchi, Y., Maoka, T., Sahara, T., Yaoi, K., et al. (2019). Pathway
engineering for efficient biosynthesis of violaxanthin in Escherichia coli. Applied Microbiology
and Biotechnology, 103, 9393–9399.
Tamjidi, F., Shahedi, M., Varshosaz, J., & Nasirpour, A. (2018). Stability of astaxanthin-loaded
nanostructured lipid carriers in beverage systems. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,
98, 511–518.
Tan, B. L., & Norhaizan, M. E. (2019). Carotenoids: How effective are they to prevent age-related
diseases? Molecules, 24, 1801.
Tan, S., Cunningham, F. X., Youmans, M., Grabowski, B., Sun, Z., & Gantt, E. (1995). Cytochrome f
loss in astaxanthin-accumulating red cells of Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyceae): Comparison of photosynthetic activity, photosynthetic enzymes, and thylakoid membrane polypeptides
in red and green cells. Journal of Phycology, 31, 897–905.
Tjahjono, A. E., Hayama, Y., Kakizono, T., Terada, Y., Nishio, N., & Nagai, S. (1994). Hyperaccumulation of astaxanthin in a green alga Haematococcus pluvialis at elevated temperatures.
Biotechnology-Letters, 16, 133–138.
Tonegawa, I., Okada, S., Murakami, M., & Yamaguchi, K. (1998). Pigment composition of the
green microalga Boryococcus braunii Kawaguchi-1. Fisheries Science, 64, 305–308.
Turujman, S. A., Wamer, W. G., Wei, R. R., & Albert, R. H. (1997). Rapid liquid chromatographic
method to distinguish wild salmon from aquacultured salmon fed synthetic astaxanthin. Journal
of the American Oil AC International, 80, 622–632.
Vaquero, I., Vázquez, M., Ruiz-Domínguez, M. C., & Vílchez, C. (2014). Enhanced production of
a lutein-rich acidic environment microalga. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 116, 839–850.
Varela, J. C., Pereira, H., Vila, M., & Leon, R. (2015). Production of carotenoids by microalgae:
achievements and challenges. Photosynthesis Research, 125, 423–436.
Veiga-Crespo, P., Blasco, L., Rosa-Dos-santos, F., Poza, M., & Villa, T. (2005). Influence of
culture conditions of Gordonia jacobaea MV-26 on canthaxanthin production. International
Microbiology, 8, 55–58.
Vinayak, V., Manoylov, K. M., Gateau, H., Blanckaert, V., Herault, J., Pencreac’h, G., et al. (2015).
Diatom milking: A review and new approaches. Marine Drugs, 13, 2629–2665.
Vincent, U., Serano, F., & von Holst, C. (2017). Development and validation of a multi-analyte
method for the regulatory control of carotenoids used as feed additives in fish and poultry feed.
Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 34, 1285–1297.
Visioli, F., & Artaria, C. (2017). Astaxanthin in cardiovascular health and disease: Mechanisms of
action, therapeutic merits, and knowledge gaps. Food & Function, 8, 39–63.
Von Oppen-Bezalel, L., Fishbein, D., Havas, F., Ben-Chitrit, O., & Khaiat, A. (2015). The photoprotective effects of a food supplement tomato powder rich in phytoene and phytofluene, the
colorless carotenoids, a preliminary study. Global Dermatology, 2, 178–182.
M. Scarsini et al.
Steinbrenner, J., & Sandmann, G. (2006). Transformation of the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis
with a phytoene desaturase for accelerated astaxanthin biosynthesis. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology, 72, 7477–7484.
Su, Y., Wang, J., Shi, M., Niu, X., Yu, X., Gao, L., et al. (2014). Metabolomic and network analysis
of astaxanthin-producing Haematococcus pluvialis under various stress conditions. Bioresource
Technology, 170, 522–529.
Sujak, A. (2009). Interactions between canthaxanthin and lipid membranes—Possible mechanisms
of canthaxanthin toxicity. Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters, 14, 395–410.
Sun, Z., Gantt, E., & Cunningham, F. X. (1996). Cloning and functional analysis of the β-carotene
hydroxylase of Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271, 24349–24352.
Sun, N., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Huang, J., & Chen, F. (2008). Sugar-based growth, astaxanthin accumulation and carotenogenic transcription of heterotrophic Chlorella zofingiensis (Chlorophyta).
Process Biochemistry, 43, 1288–1292.
Takaichi, S. (2011). Carotenoids in algae: Distributions, biosyntheses and functions. Marine Drugs,
9, 1101–1118.
Takemura, M., Kubo, A., Higuchi, Y., Maoka, T., Sahara, T., Yaoi, K., et al. (2019). Pathway
engineering for efficient biosynthesis of violaxanthin in Escherichia coli. Applied Microbiology
and Biotechnology, 103, 9393–9399.
Tamjidi, F., Shahedi, M., Varshosaz, J., & Nasirpour, A. (2018). Stability of astaxanthin-loaded
nanostructured lipid carriers in beverage systems. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,
98, 511–518.
Tan, B. L., & Norhaizan, M. E. (2019). Carotenoids: How effective are they to prevent age-related
diseases? Molecules, 24, 1801.
Tan, S., Cunningham, F. X., Youmans, M., Grabowski, B., Sun, Z., & Gantt, E. (1995). Cytochrome f
loss in astaxanthin-accumulating red cells of Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyceae): Comparison of photosynthetic activity, photosynthetic enzymes, and thylakoid membrane polypeptides
in red and green cells. Journal of Phycology, 31, 897–905.
Tjahjono, A. E., Hayama, Y., Kakizono, T., Terada, Y., Nishio, N., & Nagai, S. (1994). Hyperaccumulation of astaxanthin in a green alga Haematococcus pluvialis at elevated temperatures.
Biotechnology-Letters, 16, 133–138.
Tonegawa, I., Okada, S., Murakami, M., & Yamaguchi, K. (1998). Pigment composition of the
green microalga Boryococcus braunii Kawaguchi-1. Fisheries Science, 64, 305–308.
Turujman, S. A., Wamer, W. G., Wei, R. R., & Albert, R. H. (1997). Rapid liquid chromatographic
method to distinguish wild salmon from aquacultured salmon fed synthetic astaxanthin. Journal
of the American Oil AC International, 80, 622–632.
Vaquero, I., Vázquez, M., Ruiz-Domínguez, M. C., & Vílchez, C. (2014). Enhanced production of
a lutein-rich acidic environment microalga. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 116, 839–850.
Varela, J. C., Pereira, H., Vila, M., & Leon, R. (2015). Production of carotenoids by microalgae:
achievements and challenges. Photosynthesis Research, 125, 423–436.
Veiga-Crespo, P., Blasco, L., Rosa-Dos-santos, F., Poza, M., & Villa, T. (2005). Influence of
culture conditions of Gordonia jacobaea MV-26 on canthaxanthin production. International
Microbiology, 8, 55–58.
Vinayak, V., Manoylov, K. M., Gateau, H., Blanckaert, V., Herault, J., Pencreac’h, G., et al. (2015).
Diatom milking: A review and new approaches. Marine Drugs, 13, 2629–2665.
Vincent, U., Serano, F., & von Holst, C. (2017). Development and validation of a multi-analyte
method for the regulatory control of carotenoids used as feed additives in fish and poultry feed.
Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 34, 1285–1297.
Visioli, F., & Artaria, C. (2017). Astaxanthin in cardiovascular health and disease: Mechanisms of
action, therapeutic merits, and knowledge gaps. Food & Function, 8, 39–63.
Von Oppen-Bezalel, L., Fishbein, D., Havas, F., Ben-Chitrit, O., & Khaiat, A. (2015). The photoprotective effects of a food supplement tomato powder rich in phytoene and phytofluene, the
colorless carotenoids, a preliminary study. Global Dermatology, 2, 178–182.