70. Watanabe K, Villarreal-Ponce A, Sun P, Salmans ML, Fallahi M, Andersen B, Dai X
(2014) Mammary morphogenesis and regeneration require the inhibition of EMT at terminal end buds by Ovol2 transcriptional
repressor. Dev Cell 29(1):59–74. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2014.03.006
71. Lee B, Villarreal-Ponce A, Fallahi M,
Ovadia J, Sun P, Yu QC, Ito S, Sinha S,
Nie Q, Dai X (2014) Transcriptional mechanisms link epithelial plasticity to adhesion and
differentiation of epidermal progenitor cells.
Dev Cell 29(1):47–58. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.devcel.2014.03.005
72. Kitazawa K, Hikichi T, Nakamura T,
Mitsunaga K, Tanaka A, Nakamura M,
Yamakawa T, Furukawa S, Takasaka M,
Goshima N, Watanabe A, Okita K,
Kawasaki S, Ueno M, Kinoshita S, Masui S
(2016) OVOL2 maintains the transcriptional
program of human corneal epithelium by suppressing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Cell Rep 15(6):1359–1368. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.020
73. Dai X, Schonbaum C, Degenstein L, Bai W,
Mahowald A, Fuchs E (1998) The ovo gene
required for cuticle formation and oogenesis
in flies is involved in hair formation and spermatogenesis in mice. Genes Dev 12
(21):3452–3463. https://doi.org/10.1101/
gad.12.21.3452
74. Nair M, Bilanchone V, Ortt K, Sinha S, Dai X
(2007) Ovol1 represses its own transcription
by competing with transcription activator
c-Myb and by recruiting histone deacetylase
activity. Nucleic Acids Res 35(5):1687–1697.
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkl1141
75. Hong T, Watanabe K, Ta CH, VillarrealPonce A, Nie Q, Dai X (2015) An Ovol2Zeb1 mutual inhibitory circuit governs bidirectional and multi-step transition between
epithelial and mesenchymal states. PLoS
Comput Biol 11(11):e1004569. https://doi.
org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004569
76. Watanabe K, Liu Y, Noguchi S, Murray M,
Chang JC, Kishima M, Nishimura H,
Hashimoto K, Minoda A, Suzuki H (2019)
OVOL2 induces mesenchymal-to-epithelial
transition in fibroblasts and enhances cellstate reprogramming towards epithelial
lineages. Sci Rep 9(1):6490. https://doi.
org/10.1038/s41598-019-43021-z
77. Chakrabarti R, Hwang J, Andres Blanco M,
Wei Y, Lukacisin M, Romano RA, Smalley K,
Liu S, Yang Q, Ibrahim T, Mercatali L,
Amadori D, Haffty BG, Sinha S, Kang Y
(2012) Elf5 inhibits the epithelialmesenchymal transition in mammary gland
development and breast cancer metastasis by
transcriptionally repressing Snail2. Nat Cell
Biol 14(11):1212–1222. https://doi.org/
10.1038/ncb2607
78. Yeung TL, Leung CS, Wong KK, GutierrezHartmann A, Kwong J, Gershenson DM,
Mok SC (2017) ELF3 is a negative regulator
of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in ovarian
cancer
cells.
Oncotarget
8
(10):16951–16963.
https://doi.org/10.
18632/oncotarget.15208
79. Gondkar K, Patel K, Krishnappa S, Patil A,
Nair B, Sundaram GM, Zea TT, Kumar P
(2019) E74 like ETS transcription factor
3 (ELF3) is a negative regulator of epithelialmesenchymal transition in bladder carcinoma.
Cancer Biomark 25(2):223–232. https://doi.
org/10.3233/CBM-190013
80. Ng AY, Waring P, Ristevski S, Wang C,
Wilson T, Pritchard M, Hertzog P, Kola I
(2002) Inactivation of the transcription factor
Elf3 in mice results in dysmorphogenesis and
altered differentiation of intestinal epithelium.
Gastroenterology 122(5):1455–1466
81. Oliver JR, Kushwah R, Wu J, Pan J, Cutz E,
Yeger H, Waddell TK, Hu J (2011) Elf3 plays
a role in regulating bronchiolar epithelial
repair kinetics following Clara cell-specific
injury. Lab Invest 91(10):1514–1529.
https://doi.org/10.1038/labinvest.2011.
100
82. Albino D, Longoni N, Curti L, Mello-GrandM, Pinton S, Civenni G, Thalmann G,
D’Ambrosio G, Sarti M, Sessa F,
Chiorino G, Catapano CV, Carbone GM
(2012) ESE3/EHF controls epithelial cell
differentiation and its loss leads to prostate
tumors with mesenchymal and stem-like features. Cancer Res 72(11):2889–2900.
https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN12-0212
83. Tymms MJ, Ng AY, Thomas RS, Schutte BC,
Zhou J, Eyre HJ, Sutherland GR, Seth A,
Rosenberg M, Papas T, Debouck C, Kola I
(1997) A novel epithelial-expressed ETS
gene, ELF3: human and murine cDNA
sequences, murine genomic organization,
human mapping to 1q32.2 and expression in
tissues
and
cancer.
Oncogene
15
(20):2449–2462. https://doi.org/10.1038/
sj.onc.1201427
84. Oliver JR, Kushwah R, Hu J (2012) Multiple
roles of the epithelium-specific ETS transcription factor, ESE-1, in development and disease. Lab Invest 92(3):320–330. https://doi.
org/10.1038/labinvest.2011.186
85. Laffin B, Wellberg E, Kwak HI, Burghardt
RC, Metz RP, Gustafson T, Schedin P, Porter
60
John-Poul Ng-Blichfeldt and Katja Ro ¨ per
(2014) Mammary morphogenesis and regeneration require the inhibition of EMT at terminal end buds by Ovol2 transcriptional
repressor. Dev Cell 29(1):59–74. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2014.03.006
71. Lee B, Villarreal-Ponce A, Fallahi M,
Ovadia J, Sun P, Yu QC, Ito S, Sinha S,
Nie Q, Dai X (2014) Transcriptional mechanisms link epithelial plasticity to adhesion and
differentiation of epidermal progenitor cells.
Dev Cell 29(1):47–58. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.devcel.2014.03.005
72. Kitazawa K, Hikichi T, Nakamura T,
Mitsunaga K, Tanaka A, Nakamura M,
Yamakawa T, Furukawa S, Takasaka M,
Goshima N, Watanabe A, Okita K,
Kawasaki S, Ueno M, Kinoshita S, Masui S
(2016) OVOL2 maintains the transcriptional
program of human corneal epithelium by suppressing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Cell Rep 15(6):1359–1368. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.020
73. Dai X, Schonbaum C, Degenstein L, Bai W,
Mahowald A, Fuchs E (1998) The ovo gene
required for cuticle formation and oogenesis
in flies is involved in hair formation and spermatogenesis in mice. Genes Dev 12
(21):3452–3463. https://doi.org/10.1101/
gad.12.21.3452
74. Nair M, Bilanchone V, Ortt K, Sinha S, Dai X
(2007) Ovol1 represses its own transcription
by competing with transcription activator
c-Myb and by recruiting histone deacetylase
activity. Nucleic Acids Res 35(5):1687–1697.
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkl1141
75. Hong T, Watanabe K, Ta CH, VillarrealPonce A, Nie Q, Dai X (2015) An Ovol2Zeb1 mutual inhibitory circuit governs bidirectional and multi-step transition between
epithelial and mesenchymal states. PLoS
Comput Biol 11(11):e1004569. https://doi.
org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004569
76. Watanabe K, Liu Y, Noguchi S, Murray M,
Chang JC, Kishima M, Nishimura H,
Hashimoto K, Minoda A, Suzuki H (2019)
OVOL2 induces mesenchymal-to-epithelial
transition in fibroblasts and enhances cellstate reprogramming towards epithelial
lineages. Sci Rep 9(1):6490. https://doi.
org/10.1038/s41598-019-43021-z
77. Chakrabarti R, Hwang J, Andres Blanco M,
Wei Y, Lukacisin M, Romano RA, Smalley K,
Liu S, Yang Q, Ibrahim T, Mercatali L,
Amadori D, Haffty BG, Sinha S, Kang Y
(2012) Elf5 inhibits the epithelialmesenchymal transition in mammary gland
development and breast cancer metastasis by
transcriptionally repressing Snail2. Nat Cell
Biol 14(11):1212–1222. https://doi.org/
10.1038/ncb2607
78. Yeung TL, Leung CS, Wong KK, GutierrezHartmann A, Kwong J, Gershenson DM,
Mok SC (2017) ELF3 is a negative regulator
of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in ovarian
cancer
cells.
Oncotarget
8
(10):16951–16963.
https://doi.org/10.
18632/oncotarget.15208
79. Gondkar K, Patel K, Krishnappa S, Patil A,
Nair B, Sundaram GM, Zea TT, Kumar P
(2019) E74 like ETS transcription factor
3 (ELF3) is a negative regulator of epithelialmesenchymal transition in bladder carcinoma.
Cancer Biomark 25(2):223–232. https://doi.
org/10.3233/CBM-190013
80. Ng AY, Waring P, Ristevski S, Wang C,
Wilson T, Pritchard M, Hertzog P, Kola I
(2002) Inactivation of the transcription factor
Elf3 in mice results in dysmorphogenesis and
altered differentiation of intestinal epithelium.
Gastroenterology 122(5):1455–1466
81. Oliver JR, Kushwah R, Wu J, Pan J, Cutz E,
Yeger H, Waddell TK, Hu J (2011) Elf3 plays
a role in regulating bronchiolar epithelial
repair kinetics following Clara cell-specific
injury. Lab Invest 91(10):1514–1529.
https://doi.org/10.1038/labinvest.2011.
100
82. Albino D, Longoni N, Curti L, Mello-GrandM, Pinton S, Civenni G, Thalmann G,
D’Ambrosio G, Sarti M, Sessa F,
Chiorino G, Catapano CV, Carbone GM
(2012) ESE3/EHF controls epithelial cell
differentiation and its loss leads to prostate
tumors with mesenchymal and stem-like features. Cancer Res 72(11):2889–2900.
https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN12-0212
83. Tymms MJ, Ng AY, Thomas RS, Schutte BC,
Zhou J, Eyre HJ, Sutherland GR, Seth A,
Rosenberg M, Papas T, Debouck C, Kola I
(1997) A novel epithelial-expressed ETS
gene, ELF3: human and murine cDNA
sequences, murine genomic organization,
human mapping to 1q32.2 and expression in
tissues
and
cancer.
Oncogene
15
(20):2449–2462. https://doi.org/10.1038/
sj.onc.1201427
84. Oliver JR, Kushwah R, Hu J (2012) Multiple
roles of the epithelium-specific ETS transcription factor, ESE-1, in development and disease. Lab Invest 92(3):320–330. https://doi.
org/10.1038/labinvest.2011.186
85. Laffin B, Wellberg E, Kwak HI, Burghardt
RC, Metz RP, Gustafson T, Schedin P, Porter
60
John-Poul Ng-Blichfeldt and Katja Ro ¨ per