PT, Bader JS, Ewald AJ (2014) Twist1induced dissemination preserves epithelial
identity and requires E-cadherin. J Cell Biol
204(5):839–856. https://doi.org/10.1083/
jcb.201306088
55. Chaffer CL, Weinberg RA (2011) A perspective on cancer cell metastasis. Science 331
(6024):1559–1564.
https://doi.org/10.
1126/science.1203543
56. Brabletz T, Kalluri R, Nieto MA, Weinberg
RA (2018) EMT in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer
18(2):128–134. https://doi.org/10.1038/
nrc.2017.118
57. Campbell K (2018) Contribution of
epithelial-mesenchymal transitions to organogenesis and cancer metastasis. Curr Opin Cell
Biol 55:30–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ceb.2018.06.008
58. Cheung KJ, Padmanaban V, Silvestri V,
Schipper K, Cohen JD, Fairchild AN, Gorin
MA, Verdone JE, Pienta KJ, Bader JS, Ewald
AJ (2016) Polyclonal breast cancer metastases
arise from collective dissemination of keratin
14-expressing tumor cell clusters. Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A 113(7):E854–E863. https://
doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1508541113
59. Aceto N, Bardia A, Miyamoto DT, Donaldson MC, Wittner BS, Spencer JA, Yu M,
Pely A, Engstrom A, Zhu H, Brannigan BW,
Kapur R, Stott SL, Shioda T, Ramaswamy S,
Ting DT, Lin CP, Toner M, Haber DA,
Maheswaran S (2014) Circulating tumor cell
clusters are oligoclonal precursors of breast
cancer metastasis. Cell 158(5):1110–1122.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.07.
013
60. Pyrgaki C, Liu A, Niswander L (2011)
Grainyhead-like 2 regulates neural tube closure and adhesion molecule expression during
neural fold fusion. Dev Biol 353(1):38–49.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.02.
027
61. Werth M, Walentin K, Aue A, Schonheit J,
Wuebken
A,
Pode-Shakked
N,
Vilianovitch L, Erdmann B, Dekel B,
Bader M, Barasch J, Rosenbauer F, Luft FC,
Schmidt-Ott KM (2010) The transcription
factor grainyhead-like 2 regulates the molecular composition of the epithelial apical junctional
complex.
Development
137
(22):3835–3845. https://doi.org/10.1242/
dev.055483
62. Aue A, Hinze C, Walentin K, Ruffert J,
Yurtdas Y, Werth M, Chen W, Rabien A,
Kilic E, Schulzke JD, Schumann M,
Schmidt-Ott KM (2015) A Grainyhead-like
2/Ovo-like 2 pathway regulates renal epithelial barrier function and lumen expansion. J
Am Soc Nephrol 26(11):2704–2715.
https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.
2014080759
63. Gao X, Vockley CM, Pauli F, Newberry KM,
Xue Y, Randell SH, Reddy TE, Hogan BL
(2013) Evidence for multiple roles for
grainyhead-like 2 in the establishment and
maintenance of human mucociliary airway
epithelium.[corrected]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U
S A 110(23):9356–9361. https://doi.org/
10.1073/pnas.1307589110
64. Senga K, Mostov KE, Mitaka T, Miyajima A,
Tanimizu N (2012) Grainyhead-like 2 regulates epithelial morphogenesis by establishing
functional tight junctions through the organization of a molecular network among claudin3, claudin4, and Rab25. Mol Biol Cell 23
(15):2845–2855. https://doi.org/10.1091/
mbc.E12-02-0097
65. Mlacki M, Kikulska A, Krzywinska E,
Pawlak M, Wilanowski T (2015) Recent discoveries concerning the involvement of transcription factors from the Grainyhead-like
family in cancer. Exp Biol Med 240
(11):1396–1401. https://doi.org/10.1177/
1535370215588924
66. Cieply B, Riley P, Pifer PM, Widmeyer J,
Addison JB, Ivanov AV, Denvir J, Frisch SM
(2012) Suppression of the epithelialmesenchymal transition by Grainyhead-like2. Cancer Res 72(9):2440–2453. https://
doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-114038
67. Chung VY, Tan TZ, Tan M, Wong MK, Kuay
KT, Yang Z, Ye J, Muller J, Koh CM,
Guccione E, Thiery JP, Huang RY (2016)
GRHL2-miR-200-ZEB1 maintains the epithelial status of ovarian cancer through transcriptional
regulation
and
histone
modification. Sci Rep 6:19943. https://doi.
org/10.1038/srep19943
68. Nevil M, Bondra ER, Schulz KN, Kaplan T,
Harrison MM (2017) Stable binding of the
conserved transcription factor grainy head to
its target genes throughout Drosophila melanogaster
development.
Genetics
205
(2):605–620.
https://doi.org/10.1534/
genetics.116.195685
69. Boglev Y, Wilanowski T, Caddy J, Parekh V,
Auden A, Darido C, Hislop NR,
Cangkrama M, Ting SB, Jane SM (2011)
The unique and cooperative roles of the
grainy head-like transcription factors in epidermal development reflect unexpected target
gene specificity. Dev Biol 349(2):512–522.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.11.
011
Mechanisms of MET in Development and Cancer
59
identity and requires E-cadherin. J Cell Biol
204(5):839–856. https://doi.org/10.1083/
jcb.201306088
55. Chaffer CL, Weinberg RA (2011) A perspective on cancer cell metastasis. Science 331
(6024):1559–1564.
https://doi.org/10.
1126/science.1203543
56. Brabletz T, Kalluri R, Nieto MA, Weinberg
RA (2018) EMT in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer
18(2):128–134. https://doi.org/10.1038/
nrc.2017.118
57. Campbell K (2018) Contribution of
epithelial-mesenchymal transitions to organogenesis and cancer metastasis. Curr Opin Cell
Biol 55:30–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ceb.2018.06.008
58. Cheung KJ, Padmanaban V, Silvestri V,
Schipper K, Cohen JD, Fairchild AN, Gorin
MA, Verdone JE, Pienta KJ, Bader JS, Ewald
AJ (2016) Polyclonal breast cancer metastases
arise from collective dissemination of keratin
14-expressing tumor cell clusters. Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A 113(7):E854–E863. https://
doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1508541113
59. Aceto N, Bardia A, Miyamoto DT, Donaldson MC, Wittner BS, Spencer JA, Yu M,
Pely A, Engstrom A, Zhu H, Brannigan BW,
Kapur R, Stott SL, Shioda T, Ramaswamy S,
Ting DT, Lin CP, Toner M, Haber DA,
Maheswaran S (2014) Circulating tumor cell
clusters are oligoclonal precursors of breast
cancer metastasis. Cell 158(5):1110–1122.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.07.
013
60. Pyrgaki C, Liu A, Niswander L (2011)
Grainyhead-like 2 regulates neural tube closure and adhesion molecule expression during
neural fold fusion. Dev Biol 353(1):38–49.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.02.
027
61. Werth M, Walentin K, Aue A, Schonheit J,
Wuebken
A,
Pode-Shakked
N,
Vilianovitch L, Erdmann B, Dekel B,
Bader M, Barasch J, Rosenbauer F, Luft FC,
Schmidt-Ott KM (2010) The transcription
factor grainyhead-like 2 regulates the molecular composition of the epithelial apical junctional
complex.
Development
137
(22):3835–3845. https://doi.org/10.1242/
dev.055483
62. Aue A, Hinze C, Walentin K, Ruffert J,
Yurtdas Y, Werth M, Chen W, Rabien A,
Kilic E, Schulzke JD, Schumann M,
Schmidt-Ott KM (2015) A Grainyhead-like
2/Ovo-like 2 pathway regulates renal epithelial barrier function and lumen expansion. J
Am Soc Nephrol 26(11):2704–2715.
https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.
2014080759
63. Gao X, Vockley CM, Pauli F, Newberry KM,
Xue Y, Randell SH, Reddy TE, Hogan BL
(2013) Evidence for multiple roles for
grainyhead-like 2 in the establishment and
maintenance of human mucociliary airway
epithelium.[corrected]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U
S A 110(23):9356–9361. https://doi.org/
10.1073/pnas.1307589110
64. Senga K, Mostov KE, Mitaka T, Miyajima A,
Tanimizu N (2012) Grainyhead-like 2 regulates epithelial morphogenesis by establishing
functional tight junctions through the organization of a molecular network among claudin3, claudin4, and Rab25. Mol Biol Cell 23
(15):2845–2855. https://doi.org/10.1091/
mbc.E12-02-0097
65. Mlacki M, Kikulska A, Krzywinska E,
Pawlak M, Wilanowski T (2015) Recent discoveries concerning the involvement of transcription factors from the Grainyhead-like
family in cancer. Exp Biol Med 240
(11):1396–1401. https://doi.org/10.1177/
1535370215588924
66. Cieply B, Riley P, Pifer PM, Widmeyer J,
Addison JB, Ivanov AV, Denvir J, Frisch SM
(2012) Suppression of the epithelialmesenchymal transition by Grainyhead-like2. Cancer Res 72(9):2440–2453. https://
doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-114038
67. Chung VY, Tan TZ, Tan M, Wong MK, Kuay
KT, Yang Z, Ye J, Muller J, Koh CM,
Guccione E, Thiery JP, Huang RY (2016)
GRHL2-miR-200-ZEB1 maintains the epithelial status of ovarian cancer through transcriptional
regulation
and
histone
modification. Sci Rep 6:19943. https://doi.
org/10.1038/srep19943
68. Nevil M, Bondra ER, Schulz KN, Kaplan T,
Harrison MM (2017) Stable binding of the
conserved transcription factor grainy head to
its target genes throughout Drosophila melanogaster
development.
Genetics
205
(2):605–620.
https://doi.org/10.1534/
genetics.116.195685
69. Boglev Y, Wilanowski T, Caddy J, Parekh V,
Auden A, Darido C, Hislop NR,
Cangkrama M, Ting SB, Jane SM (2011)
The unique and cooperative roles of the
grainy head-like transcription factors in epidermal development reflect unexpected target
gene specificity. Dev Biol 349(2):512–522.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.11.
011
Mechanisms of MET in Development and Cancer
59