References
1. Sauer M, Porro D, Mattanovich D, Branduardi P (2008) Microbial production of organic acids:
expanding the markets. Trends Biotechnol 26:100–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.
11.006
2. Liaud N, Giniés C, Navarro D et al (2014) Exploring fungal biodiversity: organic acid
production by 66 strains of filamentous fungi. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 1:1–10. https://doi.org/
10.1186/s40694-014-0001-z
3. Mondala AH (2015) Direct fungal fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass into itaconic,
fumaric, and malic acids: current and future prospects. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol
42:487–506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-014-1575-4
4. Werpy TA, Holladay JE, White JF (2004) Top value added chemicals from biomass: I. Results
of screening for potential candidates from sugars and synthesis gas. Off Sci Tech Inf:69. https://
doi.org/10.2172/926125
5. De Araújo HWC, Fukushima K, Takaki GMC (2010) Prodigiosin production by serratia
marcescens UCP 1549 using renewable-resources as a low cost substrate. Molecules
15:6931–6940. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15106931
6. Kamm B, Kamm M (2004) Principles of biorefineries. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 64:137–145.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-003-1537-7
7. Singh Nee Nigam P, Pandey A (2009) Biotechnology for agro-industrial residues utilisation:
utilisation of agro-residues. Springer, Berlin, pp 1–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-40209942-7
8. Tang J, Wang X, Hu Y et al (2016) Lactic acid fermentation from food waste with indigenous
microbiota: effects of pH, temperature and high OLR. Waste Manag 52:278–285. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.034
9. Das RK, Brar SK (2014) Enhanced fumaric acid production from brewery wastewater and
insight into the morphology of Rhizopus oryzae 1526. Appl Biochem Biotechnol
172:2974–2988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-0739-z
10. Cherrington CA, Hinton M, Mead GC, Chopra I (1991) Organic acids: chemistry, antibacterial
activity and practical applications. Adv Microb Physiol 32:87–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0065-2911(08)60006-5
11. Sanchez-Riera F (2010) Production of organic acids. Encycl Life Support Syst 5:1094–1101
Table 9 Removal of metal contaminants from soil using various organic acids
Removal of metal
contaminants
Organic acids used to remove metal contaminants
References
Lead
Citric acid and acetic acid
[84]
Copper, cadmium, zinc,
and lead
Salicylic acid
[85]
Cobalt and lithium
Citric acid
[86]
Zinc
Citric acid monohydrate, maleic, tartaric, oxalic acid
dihydrate, succinic acid, and
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
[87]
Cadmium
Fulvic acid
[88]
Copper, zinc, nickel,
lead, and arsenic
Humic acid
[89]
Cadmium, lead, and zinc Carboxyalkylthiosuccinic acid, the copolymer of
maleic and acrylic acid
[90]
82
D. Vishnu et al.
1. Sauer M, Porro D, Mattanovich D, Branduardi P (2008) Microbial production of organic acids:
expanding the markets. Trends Biotechnol 26:100–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.
11.006
2. Liaud N, Giniés C, Navarro D et al (2014) Exploring fungal biodiversity: organic acid
production by 66 strains of filamentous fungi. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 1:1–10. https://doi.org/
10.1186/s40694-014-0001-z
3. Mondala AH (2015) Direct fungal fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass into itaconic,
fumaric, and malic acids: current and future prospects. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol
42:487–506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-014-1575-4
4. Werpy TA, Holladay JE, White JF (2004) Top value added chemicals from biomass: I. Results
of screening for potential candidates from sugars and synthesis gas. Off Sci Tech Inf:69. https://
doi.org/10.2172/926125
5. De Araújo HWC, Fukushima K, Takaki GMC (2010) Prodigiosin production by serratia
marcescens UCP 1549 using renewable-resources as a low cost substrate. Molecules
15:6931–6940. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15106931
6. Kamm B, Kamm M (2004) Principles of biorefineries. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 64:137–145.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-003-1537-7
7. Singh Nee Nigam P, Pandey A (2009) Biotechnology for agro-industrial residues utilisation:
utilisation of agro-residues. Springer, Berlin, pp 1–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-40209942-7
8. Tang J, Wang X, Hu Y et al (2016) Lactic acid fermentation from food waste with indigenous
microbiota: effects of pH, temperature and high OLR. Waste Manag 52:278–285. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.034
9. Das RK, Brar SK (2014) Enhanced fumaric acid production from brewery wastewater and
insight into the morphology of Rhizopus oryzae 1526. Appl Biochem Biotechnol
172:2974–2988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-0739-z
10. Cherrington CA, Hinton M, Mead GC, Chopra I (1991) Organic acids: chemistry, antibacterial
activity and practical applications. Adv Microb Physiol 32:87–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0065-2911(08)60006-5
11. Sanchez-Riera F (2010) Production of organic acids. Encycl Life Support Syst 5:1094–1101
Table 9 Removal of metal contaminants from soil using various organic acids
Removal of metal
contaminants
Organic acids used to remove metal contaminants
References
Lead
Citric acid and acetic acid
[84]
Copper, cadmium, zinc,
and lead
Salicylic acid
[85]
Cobalt and lithium
Citric acid
[86]
Zinc
Citric acid monohydrate, maleic, tartaric, oxalic acid
dihydrate, succinic acid, and
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
[87]
Cadmium
Fulvic acid
[88]
Copper, zinc, nickel,
lead, and arsenic
Humic acid
[89]
Cadmium, lead, and zinc Carboxyalkylthiosuccinic acid, the copolymer of
maleic and acrylic acid
[90]
82
D. Vishnu et al.