industries in the commercial large-scale production. Though genetically modified
strains could be used for the organic acid production, several problems are to be
considered like by-product formation that acts as the inhibitor for the key organic
acid production. So in future, the complex metabolic cellular pathways have to be
studied in detail as they are inherently connected with the process performance.
Also, microbial stress resistance should be addressed as a vital key factor for the
large-scale production process. Thus this study has provided an overview of the
organic acid production with numerous microbial strains from various agricultural
residues as their main feedstocks. Also, it could be inferred that the agricultural
residues could act as the alternative feedstock from the petrochemical derivatives
for the organic acid production in the large-scale commercial production. These
feedstocks are economically viable from the petrochemical residues, and a large
number of biotech products tend to be produced using these agro-based residues.
These organic acids due to the presence of unique functional group and properties
interact with the various metal ions and act as the chelating agents to form the
metal ion complexes. Thus they remove these pollutants and help in the soil
remediation.
Table 8 The numerous metal contaminants and their effects
Metal
contaminants
Permissible
limit (mg/L) Source of contamination
Ill effects
Arsenic
0.05
Production wastes from glass and
electronics
Cancer, damage in the circulatory system, and skin
disease
Antimony
0.006
Contaminants from petroleum
refineries, electronics, ceramics
waste and fire retardants
Lowers sugar level in blood
and enhanced cholesterol
level in the blood
Cadmium
0.005
Galvanized pipes getting corroded,
waste from metal refineries, batteries and paints
Kidney problems
Chromium
0.1
Waste from steel and leather
industries
Dermatitis
Copper
1.3
Waste from plumbing and wood
industries
Kidney and liver disease
with gastrointestinal
problems
Lead
0.015
Waste from the plumbing system
and natural deposits getting eroded
from the ecosystem
Physical and mental disorder, kidney disease with
elevated blood pressure
Mercury
0.002
Waste from factories and refineries
and leaching from cropland
Kidney disease
Selenium
0.05
Waste discharge from petroleum,
mines, and metal refineries
Blood circulation problems,
tiredness, and hair loss
Recent Advances in Organic Acid Production from Microbial Sources by Utilizing. . .
81
strains could be used for the organic acid production, several problems are to be
considered like by-product formation that acts as the inhibitor for the key organic
acid production. So in future, the complex metabolic cellular pathways have to be
studied in detail as they are inherently connected with the process performance.
Also, microbial stress resistance should be addressed as a vital key factor for the
large-scale production process. Thus this study has provided an overview of the
organic acid production with numerous microbial strains from various agricultural
residues as their main feedstocks. Also, it could be inferred that the agricultural
residues could act as the alternative feedstock from the petrochemical derivatives
for the organic acid production in the large-scale commercial production. These
feedstocks are economically viable from the petrochemical residues, and a large
number of biotech products tend to be produced using these agro-based residues.
These organic acids due to the presence of unique functional group and properties
interact with the various metal ions and act as the chelating agents to form the
metal ion complexes. Thus they remove these pollutants and help in the soil
remediation.
Table 8 The numerous metal contaminants and their effects
Metal
contaminants
Permissible
limit (mg/L) Source of contamination
Ill effects
Arsenic
0.05
Production wastes from glass and
electronics
Cancer, damage in the circulatory system, and skin
disease
Antimony
0.006
Contaminants from petroleum
refineries, electronics, ceramics
waste and fire retardants
Lowers sugar level in blood
and enhanced cholesterol
level in the blood
Cadmium
0.005
Galvanized pipes getting corroded,
waste from metal refineries, batteries and paints
Kidney problems
Chromium
0.1
Waste from steel and leather
industries
Dermatitis
Copper
1.3
Waste from plumbing and wood
industries
Kidney and liver disease
with gastrointestinal
problems
Lead
0.015
Waste from the plumbing system
and natural deposits getting eroded
from the ecosystem
Physical and mental disorder, kidney disease with
elevated blood pressure
Mercury
0.002
Waste from factories and refineries
and leaching from cropland
Kidney disease
Selenium
0.05
Waste discharge from petroleum,
mines, and metal refineries
Blood circulation problems,
tiredness, and hair loss
Recent Advances in Organic Acid Production from Microbial Sources by Utilizing. . .
81