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Table 9.1 Epoxy resins synthesized from various types of lignin as raw materials
Raw materials
Pretreatments
Extraction
Cured epoxy resin
References
Epoxy resin
Curing agents
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
Steam explosion
Water and methanol
Epoxized lignin
Nakamura
et al. (2001)
German spruce (Picea
abies)
Grinding
2 step liquifaction
(Nanocatalyzed and
acid-catalyzed)
Epoxized lignin
DDM
Kishi et al.
(2006)
Oil palm empty fruit
bunches (EFB) black liquor
N/A
Diethyl ether followed
by cyclohexane-ethanol
mixture
Epoxy 331(a diglycidyl
ether of biphenol A)
Lignin
Abdul Khalil
et al. (2011)
Corn straw
Enzymatic hydrolysis N/A
Bisphenol epoxy resin
with lignin
Polyamine (TY-200)
Yin et al.
(2012)
Kraft lignin
N/A
Supercritical methanol
DER353 (Dow
Chemicals)
Linin-derived polycarboxylic
acid
Succinate monoester
Hexahydrophthalic anhydride
Qin et al.
(2013)
Moso bamboo
(Phyllostachys pubescens)
Steam explosion
Water and methanol
Epoxized lignin
Lignin 2E4MZ-CN
Sasaki et al.
(2013)
de-polymerized organosolv
lignin (DOL)
de-polymerized kraft lignin
(DKL)
N/A
N/A
Epoxized DOL
Epoxidized DKL
4,4-diaminodiphenylmethane
(DDM, an aromatic amine)
diethlyenetriamine (DETA, an
aliphatic amine)
Cedar (Cryptomeria
japonica)
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
Moso bamboo
(Phyllostachys pubecens)
Steam explosion
Water and methanol
Epoxized lignin
EP828 (a diglycidyl
ether bisphenol A; Japan
Epoxy Resins Co. Ltd.)
Lignin TD2131 (a phenol
novolac; DIC corp.)
Asada et al.
(2015a)
(continued)
9 Lignin as a Coating and Curing Agent on Biodegradable Epoxy Resins