196
(SDGs) and encourage sustainable industry (United Nations Climate Change
Conference 2015), many researchers have studied in recent decades on the synthesis
of biobased epoxy resins (Raquez et al. 2010). In this sense, oils have been considered as interesting multifunctional materials in the synthesis of thermosetting materials (Crivello et al. 1997; Vlcek and Petrovic 2006; Goud et al. 2007; Zeleke and
Ayana 2017). Acetone soluble lignin from white poplar (Asada et al. 2018), green
tea tannins (Benyahya et al. 2014), itaconic acid (Ma et al. 2013), liquefied wood
(Kishi et al. 2011) and methanol soluble lignin from moso bamboo (Sasaki et al.
2013; Asada et al. 2015a) have also been used as biobased raw materials to synthesize epoxy resins. Biobased epoxy resins have shown interesting thermal and
mechanical properties, comparable to those synthesized from bisphenol A. Plant
biomass can thus be an excellent substitute for bisphenol A as the epoxy resin raw
material.
9.2 Lignin Epoxy Resin
For a long time, oils obtained from food crops have been considered as attractive
multifunctional materials in the synthesis of thermosetting materials (Crivello et al.
1997; Vlcek and Petrovic 2006). However, the use of food crops as a source of
epoxy resins resulted in competition for food needs. To change the dependence of
the industry on products derived from fossil resources, the manufacture of biomaterials such as ecological epoxy resins made of biomass cannot compete with the food
needs of humans, i.e. lignocellulosic biomass can be a solution to the problem of
non-renewable products, the depletion of products derived from petroleum and
environmental problems (Scott et al. 2013; Jeon et al. 2014; Silalertruksa and
Gheewala 2010). Lignin is one of the main components of lignocellulosic biomass,
which constitutes between 13–35% of plant matter, and is a three-dimensional
phenylpropanoid polymer, mainly linked by ether bonds between monomeric phenylpropane units, which are not readily hydrolyzable (Gutiérrez and Alvarez 2017).
In recent years, many researchers have used lignin not only as a biobased epoxy
resin, but also as a natural curing agent and adhesives as shown in Table 9.1
(Nakamura et al. 2001; Kong et al. 2014; Asada et al. 2015a; Ferdosian et al. 2015).
Hard segments of lignin can provide stiffness as a lignin-cured copolymer, which
can significantly change or affect the properties of the copolymer. In addition, the
mechanical strength and level of crosslinking can be changed in lignin-cured copolymers (Basnet et al. 2015).
The use of lignocellulosic biomass such as beech (Fagus crenata Blume) (Fache
et al. 2016), corn straw (Kong et al. 2014), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)
(Nakamura et al. 2001; Asada et al. 2015a; Basnet et al. 2015), German spruce
(Picea abies) (Kishi et al. 2006), Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) (Asada
et al. 2012), moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescense) (Sasaki et al. 2013; Asada
et al. 2015a), rice straw (Muranaka, et al. 2015) and white poplar (Populus tremuloides) (Asada et al. 2018) has been reported in the literary as epoxy resin materials.
C. Asada et al.
(SDGs) and encourage sustainable industry (United Nations Climate Change
Conference 2015), many researchers have studied in recent decades on the synthesis
of biobased epoxy resins (Raquez et al. 2010). In this sense, oils have been considered as interesting multifunctional materials in the synthesis of thermosetting materials (Crivello et al. 1997; Vlcek and Petrovic 2006; Goud et al. 2007; Zeleke and
Ayana 2017). Acetone soluble lignin from white poplar (Asada et al. 2018), green
tea tannins (Benyahya et al. 2014), itaconic acid (Ma et al. 2013), liquefied wood
(Kishi et al. 2011) and methanol soluble lignin from moso bamboo (Sasaki et al.
2013; Asada et al. 2015a) have also been used as biobased raw materials to synthesize epoxy resins. Biobased epoxy resins have shown interesting thermal and
mechanical properties, comparable to those synthesized from bisphenol A. Plant
biomass can thus be an excellent substitute for bisphenol A as the epoxy resin raw
material.
9.2 Lignin Epoxy Resin
For a long time, oils obtained from food crops have been considered as attractive
multifunctional materials in the synthesis of thermosetting materials (Crivello et al.
1997; Vlcek and Petrovic 2006). However, the use of food crops as a source of
epoxy resins resulted in competition for food needs. To change the dependence of
the industry on products derived from fossil resources, the manufacture of biomaterials such as ecological epoxy resins made of biomass cannot compete with the food
needs of humans, i.e. lignocellulosic biomass can be a solution to the problem of
non-renewable products, the depletion of products derived from petroleum and
environmental problems (Scott et al. 2013; Jeon et al. 2014; Silalertruksa and
Gheewala 2010). Lignin is one of the main components of lignocellulosic biomass,
which constitutes between 13–35% of plant matter, and is a three-dimensional
phenylpropanoid polymer, mainly linked by ether bonds between monomeric phenylpropane units, which are not readily hydrolyzable (Gutiérrez and Alvarez 2017).
In recent years, many researchers have used lignin not only as a biobased epoxy
resin, but also as a natural curing agent and adhesives as shown in Table 9.1
(Nakamura et al. 2001; Kong et al. 2014; Asada et al. 2015a; Ferdosian et al. 2015).
Hard segments of lignin can provide stiffness as a lignin-cured copolymer, which
can significantly change or affect the properties of the copolymer. In addition, the
mechanical strength and level of crosslinking can be changed in lignin-cured copolymers (Basnet et al. 2015).
The use of lignocellulosic biomass such as beech (Fagus crenata Blume) (Fache
et al. 2016), corn straw (Kong et al. 2014), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)
(Nakamura et al. 2001; Asada et al. 2015a; Basnet et al. 2015), German spruce
(Picea abies) (Kishi et al. 2006), Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) (Asada
et al. 2012), moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescense) (Sasaki et al. 2013; Asada
et al. 2015a), rice straw (Muranaka, et al. 2015) and white poplar (Populus tremuloides) (Asada et al. 2018) has been reported in the literary as epoxy resin materials.
C. Asada et al.