198
Table 9.1 (continued)
Raw materials
Pretreatments
Extraction
Cured epoxy resin
References
Epoxy resin
Curing agents
Cedar (Cryptomeria
japonica)
Rice straw
Beech (Fagus crenata
Blume)
Milling
Water/aceton binary
solution
Epoxized lignin
Hexamine Triphenylphosphine
Muranaka
et al. (2015)
DOL
DKL
N/A
N/A
Bisphenol A-based
epoxy resin with 25 to
100% DOL or DKL
content
DDM
Ferdosian
et al. (2016a)
de-polymerized hydrolysis
lignin (DHL, commercial
lignin of aspen wood
hydrolysis)
(FPInnovation)
N/A
Low pressure
de-polymerization
(disclosed patent fiiling)
Bisphenol A-based
epoxy resin with 25 to
100% DHL content
DDM
Ferdosian
et al. (2016b)
Residue of enzymatic
hydrolysis of Douglas fir
Mild hydrogenolysis N/A
Partially depolymerized
lignin-based epoxy
Maleic anhydride
Xin et al.
(2016)
White poplar (Populus
tremuloides)
Steam explosion
Water and acetone
Epoxized lignin
Lignin
Asada et al.
(2018)
Softwood kraft lignin
LignoBoost process
and/or glycidylation
in DMSO
Acetone
Epoxized lignin
Jablonskis
et al. (2018)
Soda lignin (SL) from
Japanese cedar
Klason lignin (KL) from
Japanese cedar.
N/A
Organic onium
hydroxide aqueous
solutions (OHAS)
Epoxized lignin
4,4-methylenedianiline (MDA)
Nagatani
et al. (2019)
Acacia mangium
pulp
Ionic liquid (IL)
treatment
Ethanol
IL-Lignin and epoxy
prepolymer
1,2,3,6-tetrahydromethyl-3,6methanopthalic anhydride
Nisha et al.
(2019)
Base-catalyzed
depolymerized (BCD)
lignin
N/A
N/A
Epoxized lignin with
glycerol diglycidyl ether
(GDE)
BCD lignin
Ortiz et al.
(2019)
C. Asada et al.