27. Richardson JW, Johnson MD, Zhang X, Zemke P, Chen W (2014) A financial assessment of
two alternative cultivation systems and their contributions to algae biofuel economic viability.
Algal Res 4:96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2013.12.003
28. Bumbak F, Cook S, Zachleder V, Hauser S, Kovar K (2011) Best practices in heterotrophic
high-cell-density microalgal processes: achievements, potential and possible limitations. Appl
Microbiol Biotechnol 91(1):31–46
29. Cerón García MC, Camacho FG, Mirón AS, Sevilla JF, Chisti Y, Grima EM (2006)
Mixotrophic production of marine microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum on various carbon
sources. J Microbiol Biotechnol 16(5):689
30. Choi WY, Oh SH, Seo YC, Kim GB, Kang DH, Lee SY, Lee HY (2011) Effects of methanol on
cell growth and lipid production from mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella sp. Biotechnol
Bioprocess Eng 16(5):946–955
31. Morales-Sanchez D, Martinez-Rodriguez O, Kyndt J, Martinez A (2014) Heterotrophic growth
of microalgae: metabolic aspects. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 31:1–9. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s11274-014-1773-2
32. Li X, Xu H, Wu Q (2007) Large-scale biodiesel production from microalga Chlorella
protothecoides through heterotrophic cultivation in bioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng
98:764–771. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.21489
33. Espinosa-gonzalez I, Parashar A, Bressler DC (2014) Heterotrophic growth and lipid accumulation of Chlorella protothecoides in whey permeate, a dairy by-product stream, for biofuel
production. Bioresour Technol 155:170–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.028
34. Pleissner D, Lam WC, Sun Z, Lin CSK (2013) Food waste as nutrient source in heterotrophic
microalgae cultivation. Bioresour Technol 137:139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.
2013.03.088
35. Rodolfi L, Zittelli GC, Bassi N, Padovani G, Biondi N, Bonini G, Tredici MR (2009)
Microalgae for oil: strain selection, induction of lipid synthesis and outdoor mass cultivation
in a low-cost photobioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 102:100–112
36. Eroglu E, Smith SM, Raston CL (2015) Biomass and biofuels from microalgae, vol 2. Springer,
Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16640-7
37. Berninger UG, Caron DA, Sanders RW (1992) Mixotrophic algae in 3 ice-covered lakes of the
Pocono mountains USA. Freshw Biol 28(2):263–272
38. Miao X, Wu Q (2006) Biodiesel production from heterotrophic microalgal oil. Bioresour
Technol 97(6):841–846
39. Cheirsilp B, Torpee S (2012) Enhanced growth and lipid production of microalgae under
mixotrophic culture condition: effect of light intensity, glucose concentration and fed-batch
cultivation. Bioresour Technol 110(1):510–516
40. Zhou W, Chen P, Min M, Ma X, Wang J, Griffith R, Hussain F, Peng P, Xie Q, Li Y, Shi J,
Meng J, Ruan R (2014) Environment-enhancing algal biofuel production using wastewaters.
Renew Sust Energ Rev 36:256–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.073
41. Mobin S, Alam F (2014) Biofuel production from algae utilizing wastewater. In: 19th Australasian fluid mechanics conference, Article no. 27
42. Slade R, Bauen A (2013) Micro-algae cultivation for biofuels: cost, energy balance, environmental impacts and future prospects. Biomass Bioenergy 53:29–38
43. Pulz O (2001) Photobioreactors: production systems for phototrophic microorganisms. Appl
Microbiol Biotechnol 57(3):287–293
44. Kumar H, Yadava P, Gaur J (1981) Electrical flocculation of the unicellular green alga
Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck. Aquat Bot 11:187–195
45. Pahl SL, Lee AK, Kalaitzidis T, Ashman PJ, Sathe S, Lewis DM (2013) Harvesting, thickening
and dewatering microalgae biomass. In: Michael AB, Navid RM (eds) Algae for biofuels and
energy. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 165–185
46. Uduman N, Qi Y, Danquah MK, Forde GM, Hoadley A (2010) Dewatering of microalgal
cultures: a major bottleneck to algae-based fuels. J Renew Sustain Energy 2:12–30
158
B. Srinivasan and G. Kulshreshtha
two alternative cultivation systems and their contributions to algae biofuel economic viability.
Algal Res 4:96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2013.12.003
28. Bumbak F, Cook S, Zachleder V, Hauser S, Kovar K (2011) Best practices in heterotrophic
high-cell-density microalgal processes: achievements, potential and possible limitations. Appl
Microbiol Biotechnol 91(1):31–46
29. Cerón García MC, Camacho FG, Mirón AS, Sevilla JF, Chisti Y, Grima EM (2006)
Mixotrophic production of marine microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum on various carbon
sources. J Microbiol Biotechnol 16(5):689
30. Choi WY, Oh SH, Seo YC, Kim GB, Kang DH, Lee SY, Lee HY (2011) Effects of methanol on
cell growth and lipid production from mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella sp. Biotechnol
Bioprocess Eng 16(5):946–955
31. Morales-Sanchez D, Martinez-Rodriguez O, Kyndt J, Martinez A (2014) Heterotrophic growth
of microalgae: metabolic aspects. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 31:1–9. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s11274-014-1773-2
32. Li X, Xu H, Wu Q (2007) Large-scale biodiesel production from microalga Chlorella
protothecoides through heterotrophic cultivation in bioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng
98:764–771. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.21489
33. Espinosa-gonzalez I, Parashar A, Bressler DC (2014) Heterotrophic growth and lipid accumulation of Chlorella protothecoides in whey permeate, a dairy by-product stream, for biofuel
production. Bioresour Technol 155:170–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.028
34. Pleissner D, Lam WC, Sun Z, Lin CSK (2013) Food waste as nutrient source in heterotrophic
microalgae cultivation. Bioresour Technol 137:139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.
2013.03.088
35. Rodolfi L, Zittelli GC, Bassi N, Padovani G, Biondi N, Bonini G, Tredici MR (2009)
Microalgae for oil: strain selection, induction of lipid synthesis and outdoor mass cultivation
in a low-cost photobioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 102:100–112
36. Eroglu E, Smith SM, Raston CL (2015) Biomass and biofuels from microalgae, vol 2. Springer,
Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16640-7
37. Berninger UG, Caron DA, Sanders RW (1992) Mixotrophic algae in 3 ice-covered lakes of the
Pocono mountains USA. Freshw Biol 28(2):263–272
38. Miao X, Wu Q (2006) Biodiesel production from heterotrophic microalgal oil. Bioresour
Technol 97(6):841–846
39. Cheirsilp B, Torpee S (2012) Enhanced growth and lipid production of microalgae under
mixotrophic culture condition: effect of light intensity, glucose concentration and fed-batch
cultivation. Bioresour Technol 110(1):510–516
40. Zhou W, Chen P, Min M, Ma X, Wang J, Griffith R, Hussain F, Peng P, Xie Q, Li Y, Shi J,
Meng J, Ruan R (2014) Environment-enhancing algal biofuel production using wastewaters.
Renew Sust Energ Rev 36:256–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.073
41. Mobin S, Alam F (2014) Biofuel production from algae utilizing wastewater. In: 19th Australasian fluid mechanics conference, Article no. 27
42. Slade R, Bauen A (2013) Micro-algae cultivation for biofuels: cost, energy balance, environmental impacts and future prospects. Biomass Bioenergy 53:29–38
43. Pulz O (2001) Photobioreactors: production systems for phototrophic microorganisms. Appl
Microbiol Biotechnol 57(3):287–293
44. Kumar H, Yadava P, Gaur J (1981) Electrical flocculation of the unicellular green alga
Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck. Aquat Bot 11:187–195
45. Pahl SL, Lee AK, Kalaitzidis T, Ashman PJ, Sathe S, Lewis DM (2013) Harvesting, thickening
and dewatering microalgae biomass. In: Michael AB, Navid RM (eds) Algae for biofuels and
energy. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 165–185
46. Uduman N, Qi Y, Danquah MK, Forde GM, Hoadley A (2010) Dewatering of microalgal
cultures: a major bottleneck to algae-based fuels. J Renew Sustain Energy 2:12–30
158
B. Srinivasan and G. Kulshreshtha