5. Ben-Amotz A, Avron M (1990) The biotechnology of cultivating the halotolerant alga
Dunaliella. Trends Biotechnol 8:121–126
6. Fogliano V, Andreoli C, Martello A, Caiazzo M, Lobosco O, Formisano F, Carlino PA,
Meca G, Graziani G, Rigano VM, Vona V, Carfagna S, Rigano C (2010) Functional ingredients
produced by culture of Koliella Antarctica. Aquaculture 299:115–120
7. Sivakumar G, Xu J, Thompson RW, Yang Y, Smith PR, Weathers PG (2012) Integrated green
algal technology for bioremediation and biofuel. Bioresour Technol 107:1–9
8. Olguin EJ (2012) Dual purpose microalgae-bacteria-based systems that treat wastewater and
produce biodiesel and chemical products within a biorefinery. Biotechnol Adv 30:1031–1046
9. Vidyashankar S, VenuGopal KS, Chauhan VS, Muthukumar SP, Sarada R (2014) Characterisation of defatted Scenedesmus dimorphus algal biomass as animal feed. J Appl Phycol 27:1–9.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-014-0498-9
10. Barry A, Wolfe A, English C, Ruddick C, Lambert D (2016) National algal biofuels technology
review, 2016. USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Bioenergy
Technologies Office (EE-3B)
11. Hochman G, Zilberman D (2014) Algae farming and its bio-products. In: Plants and bioenergy.
Springer, New York, pp 49–64
12. Griffiths MJ, Harrison STL (2009) Lipid productivity as a key characteristic for choosing algal
species for biodiesel production. Appl Phycol 21:493–507
13. Ugwu CU, Aoyagi H, Uchiyama H (2008) Photobioreactors for mass cultivation of algae.
Bioresour Technol 99(10):4021–4028
14. Harun R, Singh M, Forde GM, Danquah MK (2010) Bioprocess engineering of microalgae to
produce a variety of consumer products. Renew Sust Energ Rev 14(3):1037–1047
15. Lee YK (2001) Microalgal mass culture systems and methods: their limitation and potential. J
Appl Phycol 13(4):307–315
16. Hase R, Oikawa H, Sasao C, Morita M, Watanabe Y (2000) Photosynthetic production of
microalgal biomass in a raceway system under greenhouse conditions in Sendai City. J Biosci
Bioeng 89(2):157–163
17. Blanco AM, Moreno J, Del Campo JA, Rivas J, Guerrero MG (2007) Outdoor cultivation of
lutein-rich cells of Muriellopsis sp. in open ponds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 73(6):1259–1266
18. White RL, Ryan RA (2015) Long-term cultivation of algae in open-raceway ponds: lessons
from the field. Ind Biotechnol 11(4):213–220
19. Hall DO, Acien Fernandez FG, Guerrero EC, Rao KK, Grima EM (2003) Outdoor helical
tubular photobioreactors for microalgal production: modeling of fluid dynamics and mass
transfer and assessment of biomass productivity. Biotechnol Bioeng 82(1):62–73
20. Lehr F, Posten C (2009) Closed photo-bioreactors as tools for biofuel production. Curr Opin
Biotechnol 20:280–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2009.04.004
21. Brennan L, Owende P (2010) Biofuels from microalgae – a review of technologies for
production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renew Sust Energ Rev
14:557–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.009
22. Morweiser M, Kruse O, Hankamer B, Posten C (2010) Developments and perspectives of
photobioreactors for biofuel production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 87:1291–1301. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00253-010-2697-x
23. Posten C (2009) Design principles of photo-bioreactors for cultivation of microalgae. Eng Life
Sci 9:165–177. https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.200900003
24. Richmond A (2004) Biological principles of mass cultivation. In: Handbook of microalgal
culture. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 125–177. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470995280.ch8
25. Radakovits R, Jinkerson RE, Darzins A, Posewitz MC (2010) Genetic engineering of algae for
enhanced biofuel production. Eukaryot Cell 9:486–501. https://doi.org/10.1128/EC.00364-09
26. Zijffers J-WF, Salim S, Janssen M, Tramper J, Wijffels RH (2008) Capturing sunlight into a
photobioreactor: ray tracing simulations of the propagation of light from capture to distribution
into the reactor. Chem Eng J 145:316–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2008.08.011
Algal Biomass for Biofuels and Bioproducts
157
Dunaliella. Trends Biotechnol 8:121–126
6. Fogliano V, Andreoli C, Martello A, Caiazzo M, Lobosco O, Formisano F, Carlino PA,
Meca G, Graziani G, Rigano VM, Vona V, Carfagna S, Rigano C (2010) Functional ingredients
produced by culture of Koliella Antarctica. Aquaculture 299:115–120
7. Sivakumar G, Xu J, Thompson RW, Yang Y, Smith PR, Weathers PG (2012) Integrated green
algal technology for bioremediation and biofuel. Bioresour Technol 107:1–9
8. Olguin EJ (2012) Dual purpose microalgae-bacteria-based systems that treat wastewater and
produce biodiesel and chemical products within a biorefinery. Biotechnol Adv 30:1031–1046
9. Vidyashankar S, VenuGopal KS, Chauhan VS, Muthukumar SP, Sarada R (2014) Characterisation of defatted Scenedesmus dimorphus algal biomass as animal feed. J Appl Phycol 27:1–9.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-014-0498-9
10. Barry A, Wolfe A, English C, Ruddick C, Lambert D (2016) National algal biofuels technology
review, 2016. USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Bioenergy
Technologies Office (EE-3B)
11. Hochman G, Zilberman D (2014) Algae farming and its bio-products. In: Plants and bioenergy.
Springer, New York, pp 49–64
12. Griffiths MJ, Harrison STL (2009) Lipid productivity as a key characteristic for choosing algal
species for biodiesel production. Appl Phycol 21:493–507
13. Ugwu CU, Aoyagi H, Uchiyama H (2008) Photobioreactors for mass cultivation of algae.
Bioresour Technol 99(10):4021–4028
14. Harun R, Singh M, Forde GM, Danquah MK (2010) Bioprocess engineering of microalgae to
produce a variety of consumer products. Renew Sust Energ Rev 14(3):1037–1047
15. Lee YK (2001) Microalgal mass culture systems and methods: their limitation and potential. J
Appl Phycol 13(4):307–315
16. Hase R, Oikawa H, Sasao C, Morita M, Watanabe Y (2000) Photosynthetic production of
microalgal biomass in a raceway system under greenhouse conditions in Sendai City. J Biosci
Bioeng 89(2):157–163
17. Blanco AM, Moreno J, Del Campo JA, Rivas J, Guerrero MG (2007) Outdoor cultivation of
lutein-rich cells of Muriellopsis sp. in open ponds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 73(6):1259–1266
18. White RL, Ryan RA (2015) Long-term cultivation of algae in open-raceway ponds: lessons
from the field. Ind Biotechnol 11(4):213–220
19. Hall DO, Acien Fernandez FG, Guerrero EC, Rao KK, Grima EM (2003) Outdoor helical
tubular photobioreactors for microalgal production: modeling of fluid dynamics and mass
transfer and assessment of biomass productivity. Biotechnol Bioeng 82(1):62–73
20. Lehr F, Posten C (2009) Closed photo-bioreactors as tools for biofuel production. Curr Opin
Biotechnol 20:280–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2009.04.004
21. Brennan L, Owende P (2010) Biofuels from microalgae – a review of technologies for
production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renew Sust Energ Rev
14:557–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.009
22. Morweiser M, Kruse O, Hankamer B, Posten C (2010) Developments and perspectives of
photobioreactors for biofuel production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 87:1291–1301. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00253-010-2697-x
23. Posten C (2009) Design principles of photo-bioreactors for cultivation of microalgae. Eng Life
Sci 9:165–177. https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.200900003
24. Richmond A (2004) Biological principles of mass cultivation. In: Handbook of microalgal
culture. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 125–177. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470995280.ch8
25. Radakovits R, Jinkerson RE, Darzins A, Posewitz MC (2010) Genetic engineering of algae for
enhanced biofuel production. Eukaryot Cell 9:486–501. https://doi.org/10.1128/EC.00364-09
26. Zijffers J-WF, Salim S, Janssen M, Tramper J, Wijffels RH (2008) Capturing sunlight into a
photobioreactor: ray tracing simulations of the propagation of light from capture to distribution
into the reactor. Chem Eng J 145:316–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2008.08.011
Algal Biomass for Biofuels and Bioproducts
157