Ruwanza S, Gaertner M, Esler KJ et al (2015) Allelopathic effects of invasive Eucalyptus
camaldulensis on germination and early growth of four native species in the Western Cape,
South Africa. South For 77:91–105. https://doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2014.965985
Ruwanza S, Gaertner M, Esler KJ et al (2018) Medium-term vegetation recovery after removal of
invasive Eucalyptus camaldulensis stands along a South African river. S Afr J Bot 119:63–68.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.08.002
Samways MJ, Sharratt NJ, Simaika JP (2011) Effect of alien riparian vegetation and its removal on
a highly endemic river macroinvertebrate community. Biol Invasions 13:1305–1324. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s10530-010-9891-8
Sher AA, Hyatt LA (1999) The disturbed resource-Flux Invasion Matrix: a new framework for
patterns of plant invasion. Biol Invasions 1:107–114. https://doi.org/10.1023/
A:1010050420466
Stafford W, Blignaut J (2017) Reducing landscape restoration costs: feasibility of generating
electricity from invasive alien plant biomass on the Agulhas Plain, South Africa. Ecosys Serv
27:224–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.04.008
Stafford W, Birch C, Etter H et al (2017) The economics of landscape restoration: benefits of
controlling bush encroachment and invasive plant species in South Africa and Namibia. Ecosyst
Serv 27:193–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.11.021
Standish RJ, Cramer VA, Wild SL et al (2007) Seed dispersal and recruitment limitation are barriers
to native recolonization of old-fields in western Australia. J Appl Ecol 44:435–445. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01262.x
Stanturf JA, Palik BJ, Williams MI et al (2014) Forest restoration paradigms. J Sustain For 33
(Sup1):S161–S194. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2014.884004
Strydom M, Esler KJ, Wood AR (2012) Acacia saligna seed banks: sampling methods and
dynamics, Western Cape, South Africa. S Afr J Bot 79:140–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
sajb.2011.10.007
Strydom M, Veldtman R, Ngwenya MZ et al (2017) Invasive Australian Acacia seed banks: size
and relationship with stem diameter in the presence of gall-forming biological control agents.
PLoS One 12:e0181763. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181763
Suding KN, Hobbs RJ (2009) Threshold models in restoration and conservation: a developing
framework. Trends Ecol Evol 24:271–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.11.012
Suding K, Leger E (2012) Shifting baselines: dynamics of evolution and community change in a
changing world. In: van Andel J, Aronson J (eds) Restoration ecology: the new frontier, 2nd
edn. Wiley Blackwell, Oxford, pp 282–292. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118223130.ch21
Suding KN, Gross KL, Houseman GR (2004) Alternative states and positive feedbacks in restoration ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 19:46–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2003.10.005
Suding K, Higgs E, Palmer M et al (2015) Committing to ecological restoration. Science
348:638–640. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa4216
Temperton VM, Higgs E, Choi YD et al (2014) Flexible and adaptable restoration: an example from
South Korea. Restor Ecol 22:271–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12095
Tererai F, Gaertner M, Jacobs SM et al (2013) Eucalyptus invasions in riparian forests: effects on
native vegetation community diversity, stand structure and composition. For Ecol Manag
297:84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.02.016
Tererai F, Gaertner M, Jacobs SM et al (2015a) Eucalyptus camaldulensis invasion in riparian zones
reveals few significant effects on soil physico-chemical properties. River Res Appl 31:590–601.
https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.2762
Tererai F, Gaertner M, Jacobs SM et al (2015b) Resilience of invaded riparian landscapes: the
potential role of soil-stored seed banks. Environ Manage 55:86–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00267-014-0374-z
Török K, Szili-Kovács T, Halassy M et al (2000) Immobilization of soil nitrogen as a possible
method for the restoration of sandy grassland. Appl Veg Sci 3:7–14. https://doi.org/10.2307/
1478913
698
P. M. Holmes et al.
camaldulensis on germination and early growth of four native species in the Western Cape,
South Africa. South For 77:91–105. https://doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2014.965985
Ruwanza S, Gaertner M, Esler KJ et al (2018) Medium-term vegetation recovery after removal of
invasive Eucalyptus camaldulensis stands along a South African river. S Afr J Bot 119:63–68.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.08.002
Samways MJ, Sharratt NJ, Simaika JP (2011) Effect of alien riparian vegetation and its removal on
a highly endemic river macroinvertebrate community. Biol Invasions 13:1305–1324. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s10530-010-9891-8
Sher AA, Hyatt LA (1999) The disturbed resource-Flux Invasion Matrix: a new framework for
patterns of plant invasion. Biol Invasions 1:107–114. https://doi.org/10.1023/
A:1010050420466
Stafford W, Blignaut J (2017) Reducing landscape restoration costs: feasibility of generating
electricity from invasive alien plant biomass on the Agulhas Plain, South Africa. Ecosys Serv
27:224–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.04.008
Stafford W, Birch C, Etter H et al (2017) The economics of landscape restoration: benefits of
controlling bush encroachment and invasive plant species in South Africa and Namibia. Ecosyst
Serv 27:193–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.11.021
Standish RJ, Cramer VA, Wild SL et al (2007) Seed dispersal and recruitment limitation are barriers
to native recolonization of old-fields in western Australia. J Appl Ecol 44:435–445. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01262.x
Stanturf JA, Palik BJ, Williams MI et al (2014) Forest restoration paradigms. J Sustain For 33
(Sup1):S161–S194. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2014.884004
Strydom M, Esler KJ, Wood AR (2012) Acacia saligna seed banks: sampling methods and
dynamics, Western Cape, South Africa. S Afr J Bot 79:140–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
sajb.2011.10.007
Strydom M, Veldtman R, Ngwenya MZ et al (2017) Invasive Australian Acacia seed banks: size
and relationship with stem diameter in the presence of gall-forming biological control agents.
PLoS One 12:e0181763. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181763
Suding KN, Hobbs RJ (2009) Threshold models in restoration and conservation: a developing
framework. Trends Ecol Evol 24:271–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.11.012
Suding K, Leger E (2012) Shifting baselines: dynamics of evolution and community change in a
changing world. In: van Andel J, Aronson J (eds) Restoration ecology: the new frontier, 2nd
edn. Wiley Blackwell, Oxford, pp 282–292. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118223130.ch21
Suding KN, Gross KL, Houseman GR (2004) Alternative states and positive feedbacks in restoration ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 19:46–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2003.10.005
Suding K, Higgs E, Palmer M et al (2015) Committing to ecological restoration. Science
348:638–640. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa4216
Temperton VM, Higgs E, Choi YD et al (2014) Flexible and adaptable restoration: an example from
South Korea. Restor Ecol 22:271–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12095
Tererai F, Gaertner M, Jacobs SM et al (2013) Eucalyptus invasions in riparian forests: effects on
native vegetation community diversity, stand structure and composition. For Ecol Manag
297:84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.02.016
Tererai F, Gaertner M, Jacobs SM et al (2015a) Eucalyptus camaldulensis invasion in riparian zones
reveals few significant effects on soil physico-chemical properties. River Res Appl 31:590–601.
https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.2762
Tererai F, Gaertner M, Jacobs SM et al (2015b) Resilience of invaded riparian landscapes: the
potential role of soil-stored seed banks. Environ Manage 55:86–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00267-014-0374-z
Török K, Szili-Kovács T, Halassy M et al (2000) Immobilization of soil nitrogen as a possible
method for the restoration of sandy grassland. Appl Veg Sci 3:7–14. https://doi.org/10.2307/
1478913
698
P. M. Holmes et al.