Norton DA (2009) Species invasions and the limits to restoration: learning from the New Zealand
experience. Science 325:569–571. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1172978
Nsikani MM, Novoa A, van Wilgen BW et al (2017) Acacia saligna ‘s soil legacy effects persist up
to 10 years after clearing: implications for ecological restoration. Austral Ecol 42:880–889.
https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.12515
Nsikani MM, van Wilgen BW, Gaertner M (2018) Barriers to ecosystem restoration presented by
soil legacy effects of invasive alien N2-fixing woody species: implications for ecological
restoration. Restor Ecol 26:235–244. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12669
Ntshotsho P, Reyers B, Esler KJ (2011) Assessing the evidence base for restoration in South Africa.
Restor Ecol 19:578–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2010.00753.x
Pearson DE, Ortega YK, Runyon JB et al (2016) Secondary invasion: the bane of weed management. Biol Conserv 197:8–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.02.029
Pretorius MR, Esler KJ, Holmes PM et al (2008) The effectiveness of active restoration following
alien clearance in fynbos riparian zones and resilience of treatments to fire. S Afr J Bot
74:517–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2008.01.180
Prins N, Holmes PM, Richardson DM (2004) A reference framework for the restoration of riparian
vegetation in the Western Cape, South Africa, degraded by invasive Australian Acacias. S Afr J
Bot 70:767–776. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30178-2
Raimondo D, Staden VL, Foden W (2009) Red list of South African Plants. South African National
Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria
Rebelo AJ, Scheunders P, Esler KJ et al (2017) Detecting, mapping and classifying wetland
fragments at a landscape scale. Remote Sensing Appl Soc Environ 8:212–223. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.rsase.2017.09.005
Reyers B, O'Farrell PJ, Cowling RM et al (2009) Ecosystem services, land-cover change, and
stakeholders: finding a sustainable foothold for a semiarid biodiversity hotspot. Ecol Soc 14:38.
https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-02867-140138
Richardson DM, van Wilgen BW (2004) Invasive alien plants in South Africa: how well do we
understand the ecological impacts. S Afr J Sci 100:45–52
Richardson DM, Macdonald IAW, Hoffmann JH et al (1997) Alien plant invasions. In: Cowling
RM, Richardson DM, Pierce SM (eds) Vegetation of Southern Africa. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, pp 535–570
Richardson DM, Bond WJ, Dean WRJ et al (2000) Invasive alien organisms and global change: a
South African perspective. In: Mooney HA, Hobbs RJ (eds) Invasive species in a changing
world. Island Press, Washington DC, pp 303–349
Richardson DM, Holmes PM, Esler KJ et al (2007) Riparian vegetation: degradation, alien plant
invasions, and restoration prospects. Divers Distrib 13:126–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.13669516.2006.00314.x
Rohr JR, Johnson P, Hickey CW et al (2013) Implications of global climate change for natural
resource damage assessment, restoration, and rehabilitation. Environ Toxicol Chem 32:93–101.
https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2036
Rohr JR, Bernhardt ES, Cadotte MW et al (2018) The ecology and economics of restoration : when,
what, where, and how to restore ecosystems. Ecol Soc 23:15. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09876230215
Rouwntree K (1991) An assessment of the potential impact of alien invasive vegetation on the
geomorphology of river channels in South Africa. South Afr J Aquat Sci 17:28–43. https://doi.
org/10.1080/10183469.1991.9631311
Ruwanza S, Gaertner M, Esler KJ et al (2013a) Both complete clearing and thinning of invasive
trees lead to short-term recovery of native riparian vegetation in the Western Cape, South Africa.
Appl Veg Sci 16:193–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-109X.2012.01222.x
Ruwanza S, Gaertner M, Richardson DM et al (2013b) Soil water repellency in riparian systems
invaded by Eucalyptus camaldulensis: a restoration perspective from the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Geoderma 200–201:9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.01.017
23 Biological Invasions and Ecological Restoration in South Africa
697
experience. Science 325:569–571. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1172978
Nsikani MM, Novoa A, van Wilgen BW et al (2017) Acacia saligna ‘s soil legacy effects persist up
to 10 years after clearing: implications for ecological restoration. Austral Ecol 42:880–889.
https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.12515
Nsikani MM, van Wilgen BW, Gaertner M (2018) Barriers to ecosystem restoration presented by
soil legacy effects of invasive alien N2-fixing woody species: implications for ecological
restoration. Restor Ecol 26:235–244. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12669
Ntshotsho P, Reyers B, Esler KJ (2011) Assessing the evidence base for restoration in South Africa.
Restor Ecol 19:578–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2010.00753.x
Pearson DE, Ortega YK, Runyon JB et al (2016) Secondary invasion: the bane of weed management. Biol Conserv 197:8–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.02.029
Pretorius MR, Esler KJ, Holmes PM et al (2008) The effectiveness of active restoration following
alien clearance in fynbos riparian zones and resilience of treatments to fire. S Afr J Bot
74:517–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2008.01.180
Prins N, Holmes PM, Richardson DM (2004) A reference framework for the restoration of riparian
vegetation in the Western Cape, South Africa, degraded by invasive Australian Acacias. S Afr J
Bot 70:767–776. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30178-2
Raimondo D, Staden VL, Foden W (2009) Red list of South African Plants. South African National
Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria
Rebelo AJ, Scheunders P, Esler KJ et al (2017) Detecting, mapping and classifying wetland
fragments at a landscape scale. Remote Sensing Appl Soc Environ 8:212–223. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.rsase.2017.09.005
Reyers B, O'Farrell PJ, Cowling RM et al (2009) Ecosystem services, land-cover change, and
stakeholders: finding a sustainable foothold for a semiarid biodiversity hotspot. Ecol Soc 14:38.
https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-02867-140138
Richardson DM, van Wilgen BW (2004) Invasive alien plants in South Africa: how well do we
understand the ecological impacts. S Afr J Sci 100:45–52
Richardson DM, Macdonald IAW, Hoffmann JH et al (1997) Alien plant invasions. In: Cowling
RM, Richardson DM, Pierce SM (eds) Vegetation of Southern Africa. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, pp 535–570
Richardson DM, Bond WJ, Dean WRJ et al (2000) Invasive alien organisms and global change: a
South African perspective. In: Mooney HA, Hobbs RJ (eds) Invasive species in a changing
world. Island Press, Washington DC, pp 303–349
Richardson DM, Holmes PM, Esler KJ et al (2007) Riparian vegetation: degradation, alien plant
invasions, and restoration prospects. Divers Distrib 13:126–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.13669516.2006.00314.x
Rohr JR, Johnson P, Hickey CW et al (2013) Implications of global climate change for natural
resource damage assessment, restoration, and rehabilitation. Environ Toxicol Chem 32:93–101.
https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2036
Rohr JR, Bernhardt ES, Cadotte MW et al (2018) The ecology and economics of restoration : when,
what, where, and how to restore ecosystems. Ecol Soc 23:15. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09876230215
Rouwntree K (1991) An assessment of the potential impact of alien invasive vegetation on the
geomorphology of river channels in South Africa. South Afr J Aquat Sci 17:28–43. https://doi.
org/10.1080/10183469.1991.9631311
Ruwanza S, Gaertner M, Esler KJ et al (2013a) Both complete clearing and thinning of invasive
trees lead to short-term recovery of native riparian vegetation in the Western Cape, South Africa.
Appl Veg Sci 16:193–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-109X.2012.01222.x
Ruwanza S, Gaertner M, Richardson DM et al (2013b) Soil water repellency in riparian systems
invaded by Eucalyptus camaldulensis: a restoration perspective from the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Geoderma 200–201:9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.01.017
23 Biological Invasions and Ecological Restoration in South Africa
697