McConnachie MM, Cowling RM, van Wilgen BW et al (2012) Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of
invasive alien plant clearing: a case study from South Africa. Biol Conserv 155:128–135.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.06.006
McDonald T, Gann GD, Jonson J et al (2016a) International standards for the practice of ecological
restoration – including principles and key concepts. Retrieved from http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/
www.ser.org/resource/resmgr/docs/SER_International_Standards.pdf
Mcdonald T, Jonson J, Dixon KW (2016b) National standards for the practice of ecological
restoration in Australia. Restor Ecol 24:s4–s32. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12359
Meek CS, Richardson DM, Mucina L (2013) Plant communities along the Eerste River, Western
Cape, South Africa: community descriptions and implications for restoration. Koedoe 55:1–14.
https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1099
Metzger JP, Esler K, Krug C et al (2017) Best practice for the use of scenarios for restoration
planning. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 29:14–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.10.004
Mgobozi MP, Somers MJ, Dippenaar-Schoeman AS (2008) Spider responses to alien plant
invasion: the effect of short- and long-term Chromolaena odorata invasion and management.
J Appl Ecol 45:1189–1197. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01486.x
Milton SJ, Siegfried WR (1994) A conceptual model of arid rangeland degradation. Bioscience
44:70–76. https://doi.org/10.2307/1312204
Milton SJ, Dean WRJ, Richardson DM (2003) Economic incentives for restoring natural capital in
southern African rangelands. Front Ecol Environ 1:247–254. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295
(2003)001[0247:EIFRNC]2.0.CO;2
Modiba RV, Joseph GS, Seymour CL et al (2017) Restoration of riparian systems through clearing
of invasive plant species improves functional diversity of Odonate assemblages. Biol Conserv
214:46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.07.031
Mohieldin M, Caballero P (2015) Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial
ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss. UN Chron 51(4):34–35. https://doi.org/10.18356/
f405cab8-en
Moran VC, Hoffmann JH (2012) Conservation of the fynbos biome in the Cape Floral Region: the
role of biological control in the management of invasive alien trees. BioControl 57:139–149.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-011-9403-5
Morgan JW (1999) Have tubestock plantings successfully established populations of rare grassland
species into reintroduction sites in western Victoria? Biol Conserv 89:235–243. https://doi.org/
10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00014-2
Mori AS, Furukawa T, Sasaki T (2013) Response diversity determines the resilience of ecosystems
to environmental change. Biol Rev 88:349–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12004
Morris TL, Witkowski ETF, Coetzee JA (2008) Initial response of riparian plant community
structure to clearing of invasive alien plants in Kruger National Park, South Africa. S Afr J
Bot 74:485–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2008.01.177
Mostert E, Gaertner M, Holmes PM et al (2017) Impacts of invasive alien trees on threatened
lowland vegetation types in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. S Afr J Bot 108:209–222.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.10.014
Mostert E, Gaertner M, Holmes PM et al (2018) A multi-criterion approach for prioritizing areas in
urban ecosystems for active restoration following invasive plant control. Environ Manag
62:1150–1167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-018-1103-9
Mugwedi LF, Rouget M, Egoh B et al (2017) An assessment of a community-based, forest
restoration programme in Durban (eThekwini), South Africa. Forests 8:255. https://doi.org/
10.3390/f8080255
Mugwedi LF, Ray-Mukherjee J, Roy KE et al (2018) Restoration planning for climate change
mitigation and adaptation in the city of Durban, South Africa. Int J Biodivers Sci Ecosyst Serv
Manage 14:132–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2018.1483967
Ndou E, Ruwanza S (2016) Soil and vegetation recovery following alien tree clearing in the Eastern
Cape Province of South Africa. Afr J Ecol 54:460–470. https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12305
696
P. M. Holmes et al.
invasive alien plant clearing: a case study from South Africa. Biol Conserv 155:128–135.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.06.006
McDonald T, Gann GD, Jonson J et al (2016a) International standards for the practice of ecological
restoration – including principles and key concepts. Retrieved from http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/
www.ser.org/resource/resmgr/docs/SER_International_Standards.pdf
Mcdonald T, Jonson J, Dixon KW (2016b) National standards for the practice of ecological
restoration in Australia. Restor Ecol 24:s4–s32. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12359
Meek CS, Richardson DM, Mucina L (2013) Plant communities along the Eerste River, Western
Cape, South Africa: community descriptions and implications for restoration. Koedoe 55:1–14.
https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1099
Metzger JP, Esler K, Krug C et al (2017) Best practice for the use of scenarios for restoration
planning. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 29:14–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.10.004
Mgobozi MP, Somers MJ, Dippenaar-Schoeman AS (2008) Spider responses to alien plant
invasion: the effect of short- and long-term Chromolaena odorata invasion and management.
J Appl Ecol 45:1189–1197. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01486.x
Milton SJ, Siegfried WR (1994) A conceptual model of arid rangeland degradation. Bioscience
44:70–76. https://doi.org/10.2307/1312204
Milton SJ, Dean WRJ, Richardson DM (2003) Economic incentives for restoring natural capital in
southern African rangelands. Front Ecol Environ 1:247–254. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295
(2003)001[0247:EIFRNC]2.0.CO;2
Modiba RV, Joseph GS, Seymour CL et al (2017) Restoration of riparian systems through clearing
of invasive plant species improves functional diversity of Odonate assemblages. Biol Conserv
214:46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.07.031
Mohieldin M, Caballero P (2015) Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial
ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss. UN Chron 51(4):34–35. https://doi.org/10.18356/
f405cab8-en
Moran VC, Hoffmann JH (2012) Conservation of the fynbos biome in the Cape Floral Region: the
role of biological control in the management of invasive alien trees. BioControl 57:139–149.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-011-9403-5
Morgan JW (1999) Have tubestock plantings successfully established populations of rare grassland
species into reintroduction sites in western Victoria? Biol Conserv 89:235–243. https://doi.org/
10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00014-2
Mori AS, Furukawa T, Sasaki T (2013) Response diversity determines the resilience of ecosystems
to environmental change. Biol Rev 88:349–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12004
Morris TL, Witkowski ETF, Coetzee JA (2008) Initial response of riparian plant community
structure to clearing of invasive alien plants in Kruger National Park, South Africa. S Afr J
Bot 74:485–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2008.01.177
Mostert E, Gaertner M, Holmes PM et al (2017) Impacts of invasive alien trees on threatened
lowland vegetation types in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. S Afr J Bot 108:209–222.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.10.014
Mostert E, Gaertner M, Holmes PM et al (2018) A multi-criterion approach for prioritizing areas in
urban ecosystems for active restoration following invasive plant control. Environ Manag
62:1150–1167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-018-1103-9
Mugwedi LF, Rouget M, Egoh B et al (2017) An assessment of a community-based, forest
restoration programme in Durban (eThekwini), South Africa. Forests 8:255. https://doi.org/
10.3390/f8080255
Mugwedi LF, Ray-Mukherjee J, Roy KE et al (2018) Restoration planning for climate change
mitigation and adaptation in the city of Durban, South Africa. Int J Biodivers Sci Ecosyst Serv
Manage 14:132–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2018.1483967
Ndou E, Ruwanza S (2016) Soil and vegetation recovery following alien tree clearing in the Eastern
Cape Province of South Africa. Afr J Ecol 54:460–470. https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12305
696
P. M. Holmes et al.