Kerr TF, Ruwanza S (2016) Does Eucalyptus grandis invasion and removal affect soils and
vegetation in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa? Austral Ecol 41:328–338. https://doi.
org/10.1111/aec.12315
Kettenring KM, Adams CR (2011) Lessons learned from invasive plant control experiments : a
systematic review and meta-analysis. J Appl Ecol 48:970–979. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.13652664.2011.01979.x
Kimball S, Lulow M, Sorenson Q et al (2015) Cost-effective ecological restoration. Restor Ecol
23:800–810. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12261
Kraaij T, van Wilgen BW (2014) Drivers, ecology, and management of fire in fynbos. In:
Allsopp N, Colville JF, Verboom AG (eds) Fynbos: ecology, evolution, and conservation of a
megadiverse region. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 47–72. https://doi.org/10.1093/
acprof:oso/9780199679584.003.0003
Krupek A, Gaertner M, Holmes PM et al (2016) Assessment of post-burn removal methods for
Acacia saligna in Cape Flats Sand Fynbos, with consideration of indigenous plant recovery. S
Afr J Bot 105:211–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.04.004
Kull CA, Shackleton CM, Cunningham PJ et al (2011) Adoption, use, and perception of Australian
acacias around the world. Divers Distrib 17:822–836. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.
2011.00783.x
Laughlin DC (2014) Applying trait-based models to achieve functional targets for theory-driven
ecological restoration. Ecol Lett 17:771–784. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12288
Le Maitre DC, Gaertner M, Marchante E et al (2011) Impacts of invasive Australian acacias:
implications for management and restoration. Divers Distrib 17:1015–1029. https://doi.org/10.
1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00816.x
Macdonald IAW (1984) Is the fynbos biome especially susceptible to invasion by alien plants? A
re-analysis of available data. S Afr J Sci 80:369–377
Macdonald IAW, Kruger FJ, Ferrar AA (eds) (1986) The ecology and management of biological
invasions in southern Africa. Oxford University Press, Cape Town
Madsen MD, Davies KW, Boyd CS et al (2016) Emerging seed enhancement technologies for
overcoming barriers to restoration. Restor Ecol 24:S77–S84. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12332
Magoba RN, Samways MJ (2010) Recovery of benthic macroinvertebrate and adult dragonfly
assemblages in response to large scale removal of riparian invasive alien trees. J Insect Conserv
14:627–636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-010-9291-5
Mangachena JR, Geerts S (2017) Invasive alien trees reduce bird species richness and abundance of
mutualistic frugivores and nectarivores; a bird’s eye view on a conflict of interest species in
riparian habitats. Ecol Res 32:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-017-1481-0
Maoela MA, Jacobs SM, Roets F (2016) Invasion, alien control and restoration: legacy effects
linked to folivorous insects and phylopathogenic fungi. Austral Ecol 41:906–917. https://doi.
org/10.1111/aec.12383
Marais C, Wannenburgh AM (2008) Restoration of water resources (natural capital) through the
clearing of invasive alien plants from riparian areas in South Africa – costs and water benefits. S
Afr J Bot 74:526–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2008.01.175
Marais KE, Pratt RB, Jacobs SM et al (2014) Postfire regeneration of resprouting mountain fynbos
shrubs: differentiating obligate resprouters and facultative seeders. Plant Ecol 215:195–208.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-013-0289-4
Marchante E, Kjøller A, Struwe S et al (2009) Soil recovery after removal of the N2-fixing invasive
Acacia longifolia: consequences for ecosystem restoration. Biol Invasions 11:813–823. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s10530-008-9295-1
Martin A, Khater C, Mineau H et al (2002) Rehabilitation ecology by revegetation. Approach and
results from two Mediterranean countries. Korean. J Ecol 25:9–17. https://doi.org/10.5141/
JEFB.2002.25.1.009
Matzek V, Warren S, Fisher C (2016) Incomplete recovery of ecosystem processes after two
decades of riparian forest restoration. Restor Ecol 24:637–645. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.
12361
23 Biological Invasions and Ecological Restoration in South Africa
695
vegetation in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa? Austral Ecol 41:328–338. https://doi.
org/10.1111/aec.12315
Kettenring KM, Adams CR (2011) Lessons learned from invasive plant control experiments : a
systematic review and meta-analysis. J Appl Ecol 48:970–979. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.13652664.2011.01979.x
Kimball S, Lulow M, Sorenson Q et al (2015) Cost-effective ecological restoration. Restor Ecol
23:800–810. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12261
Kraaij T, van Wilgen BW (2014) Drivers, ecology, and management of fire in fynbos. In:
Allsopp N, Colville JF, Verboom AG (eds) Fynbos: ecology, evolution, and conservation of a
megadiverse region. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 47–72. https://doi.org/10.1093/
acprof:oso/9780199679584.003.0003
Krupek A, Gaertner M, Holmes PM et al (2016) Assessment of post-burn removal methods for
Acacia saligna in Cape Flats Sand Fynbos, with consideration of indigenous plant recovery. S
Afr J Bot 105:211–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.04.004
Kull CA, Shackleton CM, Cunningham PJ et al (2011) Adoption, use, and perception of Australian
acacias around the world. Divers Distrib 17:822–836. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.
2011.00783.x
Laughlin DC (2014) Applying trait-based models to achieve functional targets for theory-driven
ecological restoration. Ecol Lett 17:771–784. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12288
Le Maitre DC, Gaertner M, Marchante E et al (2011) Impacts of invasive Australian acacias:
implications for management and restoration. Divers Distrib 17:1015–1029. https://doi.org/10.
1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00816.x
Macdonald IAW (1984) Is the fynbos biome especially susceptible to invasion by alien plants? A
re-analysis of available data. S Afr J Sci 80:369–377
Macdonald IAW, Kruger FJ, Ferrar AA (eds) (1986) The ecology and management of biological
invasions in southern Africa. Oxford University Press, Cape Town
Madsen MD, Davies KW, Boyd CS et al (2016) Emerging seed enhancement technologies for
overcoming barriers to restoration. Restor Ecol 24:S77–S84. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12332
Magoba RN, Samways MJ (2010) Recovery of benthic macroinvertebrate and adult dragonfly
assemblages in response to large scale removal of riparian invasive alien trees. J Insect Conserv
14:627–636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-010-9291-5
Mangachena JR, Geerts S (2017) Invasive alien trees reduce bird species richness and abundance of
mutualistic frugivores and nectarivores; a bird’s eye view on a conflict of interest species in
riparian habitats. Ecol Res 32:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-017-1481-0
Maoela MA, Jacobs SM, Roets F (2016) Invasion, alien control and restoration: legacy effects
linked to folivorous insects and phylopathogenic fungi. Austral Ecol 41:906–917. https://doi.
org/10.1111/aec.12383
Marais C, Wannenburgh AM (2008) Restoration of water resources (natural capital) through the
clearing of invasive alien plants from riparian areas in South Africa – costs and water benefits. S
Afr J Bot 74:526–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2008.01.175
Marais KE, Pratt RB, Jacobs SM et al (2014) Postfire regeneration of resprouting mountain fynbos
shrubs: differentiating obligate resprouters and facultative seeders. Plant Ecol 215:195–208.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-013-0289-4
Marchante E, Kjøller A, Struwe S et al (2009) Soil recovery after removal of the N2-fixing invasive
Acacia longifolia: consequences for ecosystem restoration. Biol Invasions 11:813–823. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s10530-008-9295-1
Martin A, Khater C, Mineau H et al (2002) Rehabilitation ecology by revegetation. Approach and
results from two Mediterranean countries. Korean. J Ecol 25:9–17. https://doi.org/10.5141/
JEFB.2002.25.1.009
Matzek V, Warren S, Fisher C (2016) Incomplete recovery of ecosystem processes after two
decades of riparian forest restoration. Restor Ecol 24:637–645. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.
12361
23 Biological Invasions and Ecological Restoration in South Africa
695