Hall SA, Newton RJ, Holmes PM et al (2017) Heat and smoke pre-treatment of seeds to improve
restoration of an endangered Mediterranean climate vegetation type. Austral Ecol 42:354–366.
https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.12449
Harris D, Vlok J, van Niekerk A (2018) Regional mapping of spekboom canopy cover using very
high resolution aerial imagery. J Appl Remote Sens 12:046022. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.
12.046022
Herron CM, Jonas JL, Meiman PJ et al (2013) Using native annual plants to restore post-fire
habitats in western North America. Int J Wildl Fire 22:815–821. https://doi.org/10.1071/
WF11179
Hill MP, Moran VC, Hoffmann JH et al (2020) More than a century of biological control against
invasive alien plants in South Africa: a synoptic view of what has been accomplished. In: van
Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM et al (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa.
Springer, Berlin, pp 549–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_19
Hitchcock A, Cowell C, Rebelo T (2012) The lost fynbos of Tokai Park. Veld Flora 98:30–33
Hobbs RJ, Richardson DM (2011) Invasion ecology and restoration ecology: parallel evolution in
two fields of Endeavour. In: Richardson DM (ed) Fifty years of invasion ecology. The legacy of
Charles Elton. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444329988.
ch6
Hobbs RJ, Higgs E, Harris JA (2009) Novel ecosystems: implications for conservation and
restoration. Trends Ecol Evol 24:599–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.05.012
Holl KD, Zahawi RA, Cole RJ et al (2011) Planting seedlings in tree islands versus plantations as a
large-scale tropical forest restoration strategy. Restor Ecol 19:470–479. https://doi.org/10.1111/
j.1526-100X.2010.00674.x
Holmes PM (2001a) A comparison of the impacts of winter versus summer burning of slash fuel in
alien-invaded fynbos areas in the Western Cape. South Afr For J 192:41–50. https://doi.org/10.
1080/20702620.2001.10434132
Holmes PM (2001b) Shrubland restoration following woody alien invasion and mining: effects of
topsoil depth, seed source, and fertilizer addition. Restor Ecol 9:71–84. https://doi.org/10.1046/
j.1526-100x.2001.009001071.x
Holmes PM (2002) Depth distribution and composition of seed banks alien-invaded and uninvaded
fynbos vegetation. Austral Ecol 27:110–120
Holmes PM, Cowling RM (1997) The effects of invasion by Acacia saligna on the guild structure
and regeneration capabilities of South African fynbos shrublands. J Appl Ecol 34:317–332.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2404879
Holmes PM, Marais C (2000) Impacts of alien plant clearance on vegetation in the mountain
catchments of the Western Cape. South Afr For J 189:113–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/
10295925.2000.9631286
Holmes PM, Richardson DM (1999) Protocols for restoration based on recruitment dynamics,
community structure, and ecosystem function: perspectives from South African fynbos. Restor
Ecol 7:215–230. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1999.72015.x
Holmes PM, Richardson DM, van Wilgen BW et al (2000) Recovery of South African fynbos
vegetation following alien woody plant clearing and fire: implications for restoration. Austral
Ecol 25:631–639. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2000.tb00069.x
Holmes PM, Richardson DM, Esler KJ et al (2005) A decision-making framework for restoring
riparian zones degraded by invasive alien plants in South Africa. S Afr J Sci 101:553–564
Holmes PM, Richardson DM, Marais C (2007) Costs and benefits of restoring natural capital
following alien plant invasions in the fynbos ecosystems in South Africa. In: Aronson J, Milton
SJ, Blignaut JN (eds) Restoring natural capital; science, business and practice. Island Press,
Washington DC, pp 188–197
James JJ, Carrick PJ (2016) Toward quantitative dryland restoration models. Restor Ecol 24:85–90.
https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12393
Kaiser-Bunbury CN, Mougal J, Whittington AE et al (2017) Ecosystem restoration strengthens
pollination network resilience and function. Nature 542:223–227. https://doi.org/10.1038/
nature21071
694
P. M. Holmes et al.
restoration of an endangered Mediterranean climate vegetation type. Austral Ecol 42:354–366.
https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.12449
Harris D, Vlok J, van Niekerk A (2018) Regional mapping of spekboom canopy cover using very
high resolution aerial imagery. J Appl Remote Sens 12:046022. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.
12.046022
Herron CM, Jonas JL, Meiman PJ et al (2013) Using native annual plants to restore post-fire
habitats in western North America. Int J Wildl Fire 22:815–821. https://doi.org/10.1071/
WF11179
Hill MP, Moran VC, Hoffmann JH et al (2020) More than a century of biological control against
invasive alien plants in South Africa: a synoptic view of what has been accomplished. In: van
Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM et al (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa.
Springer, Berlin, pp 549–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_19
Hitchcock A, Cowell C, Rebelo T (2012) The lost fynbos of Tokai Park. Veld Flora 98:30–33
Hobbs RJ, Richardson DM (2011) Invasion ecology and restoration ecology: parallel evolution in
two fields of Endeavour. In: Richardson DM (ed) Fifty years of invasion ecology. The legacy of
Charles Elton. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444329988.
ch6
Hobbs RJ, Higgs E, Harris JA (2009) Novel ecosystems: implications for conservation and
restoration. Trends Ecol Evol 24:599–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.05.012
Holl KD, Zahawi RA, Cole RJ et al (2011) Planting seedlings in tree islands versus plantations as a
large-scale tropical forest restoration strategy. Restor Ecol 19:470–479. https://doi.org/10.1111/
j.1526-100X.2010.00674.x
Holmes PM (2001a) A comparison of the impacts of winter versus summer burning of slash fuel in
alien-invaded fynbos areas in the Western Cape. South Afr For J 192:41–50. https://doi.org/10.
1080/20702620.2001.10434132
Holmes PM (2001b) Shrubland restoration following woody alien invasion and mining: effects of
topsoil depth, seed source, and fertilizer addition. Restor Ecol 9:71–84. https://doi.org/10.1046/
j.1526-100x.2001.009001071.x
Holmes PM (2002) Depth distribution and composition of seed banks alien-invaded and uninvaded
fynbos vegetation. Austral Ecol 27:110–120
Holmes PM, Cowling RM (1997) The effects of invasion by Acacia saligna on the guild structure
and regeneration capabilities of South African fynbos shrublands. J Appl Ecol 34:317–332.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2404879
Holmes PM, Marais C (2000) Impacts of alien plant clearance on vegetation in the mountain
catchments of the Western Cape. South Afr For J 189:113–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/
10295925.2000.9631286
Holmes PM, Richardson DM (1999) Protocols for restoration based on recruitment dynamics,
community structure, and ecosystem function: perspectives from South African fynbos. Restor
Ecol 7:215–230. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1999.72015.x
Holmes PM, Richardson DM, van Wilgen BW et al (2000) Recovery of South African fynbos
vegetation following alien woody plant clearing and fire: implications for restoration. Austral
Ecol 25:631–639. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2000.tb00069.x
Holmes PM, Richardson DM, Esler KJ et al (2005) A decision-making framework for restoring
riparian zones degraded by invasive alien plants in South Africa. S Afr J Sci 101:553–564
Holmes PM, Richardson DM, Marais C (2007) Costs and benefits of restoring natural capital
following alien plant invasions in the fynbos ecosystems in South Africa. In: Aronson J, Milton
SJ, Blignaut JN (eds) Restoring natural capital; science, business and practice. Island Press,
Washington DC, pp 188–197
James JJ, Carrick PJ (2016) Toward quantitative dryland restoration models. Restor Ecol 24:85–90.
https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12393
Kaiser-Bunbury CN, Mougal J, Whittington AE et al (2017) Ecosystem restoration strengthens
pollination network resilience and function. Nature 542:223–227. https://doi.org/10.1038/
nature21071
694
P. M. Holmes et al.