Dew LA, Rozen-Rechels D, Roux E et al (2017) Evaluating the efficacy of invasive plant control in
response to ecological factors. S Afr J Bot 109:203–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.12.
007
Downey PO, Richardson DM (2016) Alien plant invasions and native plant extinctions: a
six-threshold framework. AoB Plants 8:plw047. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plw047
Dufour S, Bernez I, Betbeder J et al (2013) Monitoring restored riparian vegetation: how can recent
developments in remote sensing sciences help? Knowl Manage Aquat Ecosyst 410:10. https://
doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2013068
Falk AD, Fulbright TE, Smith FS et al (2013) Does seeding a locally adapted native mixture inhibit
ingress by exotic plants? Restor Ecol 21:474–480. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2012.
00918.x
Forup ML, Memmott J (2005) The restoration of plant-pollinator interactions in Hay meadows.
Restor Ecol 13:265–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2005.00034.x
Fourie S (2008) Composition of the soil seed bank in alien-invaded grassy fynbos: potential for
recovery after clearing. S Afr J Bot 74:445–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2008.01.172
Funk JL, Cleland EE, Suding KN et al (2008) Restoration through reassembly: plant traits and
invasion resistance. Trends Ecol Evol 23:695–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.07.013
Fynn RW, Wragg PD, Morris CD et al (2009) Vegetative traits predict grass species’ invasiveness
and the invasibility of restored grassland. Afr J Range For Sci 26:59–68. https://doi.org/10.
2989/AJRFS.2009.26.2.2.845
Gaertner M, Richardson DM, Privett SDJ (2011) Effects of alien plants on ecosystem structure and
functioning and implications for restoration: insights from three degraded sites in South African
fynbos. Environ Manage 48:57–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-011-9675-7
Gaertner M, Fisher J, Sharma G et al (2012a) Insights into invasion and restoration ecology: time to
collaborate towards a holistic approach to tackle biological invasions. NeoBiota 12:57–76.
https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.12.2123
Gaertner M, Holmes PM, Richardson DM (2012b) Biological invasions, resilience and restoration.
In: van Andel J, Aronson J (eds) Restoration ecology: the new frontier, 2nd edn. Wiley
Blackwell, Oxford, pp 265–280. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118223130.ch20
Gaertner M, Nottebrock H, Fourie H et al (2012c) Plant invasions, restoration, and economics:
perspectives from South African fynbos. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 14:341–353. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ppees.2012.05.001
Gaertner M, Biggs R, Te Beest M et al (2014) Invasive plants as drivers of regime shifts: identifying
high-priority invaders that alter feedback relationships. Divers Distrib 20:733–744. https://doi.
org/10.1111/ddi.12182
Galatowitsch S, Richardson DM (2005) Riparian scrub recovery after clearing of invasive alien
trees in headwater streams of the Western Cape, South Africa. Biol Conserv 122:509–521.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2004.09.008
Galloway AD, Holmes PM, Gaertner M et al (2017) The impact of pine plantations on fynbos
above-ground vegetation and soil seed bank composition. S Afr J Bot 113:300–307. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.09.009
Geerts S, Pauw A (2009) African sunbirds hover to pollinate an invasive hummingbird-pollinated
plant. Oikos 118:573–579. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.17167.x
Geldenhuys CJ (2013) Converting invasive alien plant stands to natural forest nature’s way.
Overview, theory, and practice. In: Jose S, Singh HP, Batish DR et al (eds) Invasive plant
ecology. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1201/b13865-17
Geldenhuys CJ, Atsame-Edda A, Mugure MW (2017) Facilitating the recovery of natural evergreen
forests in South Africa via invader plant stands. Forest Ecosys 4:21. https://doi.org/10.1186/
s40663-017-0108-9
Hall SAW (2018) Restoration potential of alien-invaded Lowland Fynbos. PhD thesis. Stellenbosch
University, Stellenbosch
23 Biological Invasions and Ecological Restoration in South Africa
693
response to ecological factors. S Afr J Bot 109:203–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.12.
007
Downey PO, Richardson DM (2016) Alien plant invasions and native plant extinctions: a
six-threshold framework. AoB Plants 8:plw047. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plw047
Dufour S, Bernez I, Betbeder J et al (2013) Monitoring restored riparian vegetation: how can recent
developments in remote sensing sciences help? Knowl Manage Aquat Ecosyst 410:10. https://
doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2013068
Falk AD, Fulbright TE, Smith FS et al (2013) Does seeding a locally adapted native mixture inhibit
ingress by exotic plants? Restor Ecol 21:474–480. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2012.
00918.x
Forup ML, Memmott J (2005) The restoration of plant-pollinator interactions in Hay meadows.
Restor Ecol 13:265–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2005.00034.x
Fourie S (2008) Composition of the soil seed bank in alien-invaded grassy fynbos: potential for
recovery after clearing. S Afr J Bot 74:445–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2008.01.172
Funk JL, Cleland EE, Suding KN et al (2008) Restoration through reassembly: plant traits and
invasion resistance. Trends Ecol Evol 23:695–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.07.013
Fynn RW, Wragg PD, Morris CD et al (2009) Vegetative traits predict grass species’ invasiveness
and the invasibility of restored grassland. Afr J Range For Sci 26:59–68. https://doi.org/10.
2989/AJRFS.2009.26.2.2.845
Gaertner M, Richardson DM, Privett SDJ (2011) Effects of alien plants on ecosystem structure and
functioning and implications for restoration: insights from three degraded sites in South African
fynbos. Environ Manage 48:57–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-011-9675-7
Gaertner M, Fisher J, Sharma G et al (2012a) Insights into invasion and restoration ecology: time to
collaborate towards a holistic approach to tackle biological invasions. NeoBiota 12:57–76.
https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.12.2123
Gaertner M, Holmes PM, Richardson DM (2012b) Biological invasions, resilience and restoration.
In: van Andel J, Aronson J (eds) Restoration ecology: the new frontier, 2nd edn. Wiley
Blackwell, Oxford, pp 265–280. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118223130.ch20
Gaertner M, Nottebrock H, Fourie H et al (2012c) Plant invasions, restoration, and economics:
perspectives from South African fynbos. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 14:341–353. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ppees.2012.05.001
Gaertner M, Biggs R, Te Beest M et al (2014) Invasive plants as drivers of regime shifts: identifying
high-priority invaders that alter feedback relationships. Divers Distrib 20:733–744. https://doi.
org/10.1111/ddi.12182
Galatowitsch S, Richardson DM (2005) Riparian scrub recovery after clearing of invasive alien
trees in headwater streams of the Western Cape, South Africa. Biol Conserv 122:509–521.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2004.09.008
Galloway AD, Holmes PM, Gaertner M et al (2017) The impact of pine plantations on fynbos
above-ground vegetation and soil seed bank composition. S Afr J Bot 113:300–307. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.09.009
Geerts S, Pauw A (2009) African sunbirds hover to pollinate an invasive hummingbird-pollinated
plant. Oikos 118:573–579. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.17167.x
Geldenhuys CJ (2013) Converting invasive alien plant stands to natural forest nature’s way.
Overview, theory, and practice. In: Jose S, Singh HP, Batish DR et al (eds) Invasive plant
ecology. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1201/b13865-17
Geldenhuys CJ, Atsame-Edda A, Mugure MW (2017) Facilitating the recovery of natural evergreen
forests in South Africa via invader plant stands. Forest Ecosys 4:21. https://doi.org/10.1186/
s40663-017-0108-9
Hall SAW (2018) Restoration potential of alien-invaded Lowland Fynbos. PhD thesis. Stellenbosch
University, Stellenbosch
23 Biological Invasions and Ecological Restoration in South Africa
693