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doi.org/10.3417/2017003
Balaguer L, Escudero A, Martín-Duque JF et al (2014) The historical reference in restoration
ecology: re-defining a cornerstone concept. Biol Conserv 176:12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biocon.2014.05.007
Beater MMT, Garner RD, Witkowski ETF (2008) Impacts of clearing invasive alien plants from
1995 to 2005 on vegetation structure, invasion intensity and ground cover in a temperate to
subtropical riparian ecosystem. S Afr J Bot 74:495–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2008.01.
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Beisner BE, Haydon DT, Cuddington K (2003) Alternative stable states in ecology. Front Ecol
Environ 1:376–382. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0376:ASSIE]2.0.CO;2
Blanchard R, Holmes PM (2008) Riparian vegetation recovery after invasive alien tree clearance in
the Fynbos Biome. S Afr J Bot 74:421–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2008.01.178
Bond WJ, Slingsby P (1983) Seed dispersal by ants in shrublands of the Cape Province and its
evolutionary implications. S Afr J Sci 79:231–233
Brooks ML, D’Antonio CM, Richardson DM et al (2004) Effects of invasive alien plants on fire
regimes. Bioscience 54:677–688. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0677:EOIAPO]
2.0.CO;2
Brown NAC (1993) Promotion of fynbos seeds by plant-derived smoke. New Phytol 123:575–583.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1993.tb03770.x
Carrick PJ, Krüger R (2007) Restoring degraded landscapes in lowland Namaqualand: lessons from
the mining experience and from regional ecological dynamics. J Arid Environm 70:767–781.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.08.006
Clewell A, Aronson J, Winterhalder K (2004) The SER international primer on ecological restoration. Ecol Restor 2:206–207
Colvin C, Riemann K, Brown C et al (2009) Ecological and environmental impacts of large-scale
groundwater development in the Table Mountain Group (TMG) aquifer system. Report to Water
Research Commission of South Africa 1327, p 170
Convention on Biological Diversity Aichi Targets (2010) Aichi biodiversity targets. https://www.
cbd.int/sp/targets/. Accessed 10 Apr 2019
Costanza R, de Groot R, Braat L et al (2017) Twenty years of ecosystem services: how far have we
come and how far do we still need to go? Ecosyst Serv 28:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ecoser.2017.09.008
Crookes DJ, Blignaut JN, de Wit MP et al (2013) System dynamic modelling to assess economic
viability and risk trade-offs for ecological restoration in South Africa. J Environ Manage
120:138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.02.001
Crossman ND, Bernard F, Egoh B et al (2017) The role of ecological restoration and rehabilitation
in production landscapes: an enhanced approach to sustainable development (Working paper for
the UNCCD Global Land Outlook)
Currie B, Milton SJ, Steenkamp JC (2009) Cost-benefit analysis of alien vegetation clearing for
water yield and tourism in a mountain catchment in the Western Cape of South Africa. Ecol
Econ 68:2574–2579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.04.007
D’Antonio CM, Meyerson LA (2002) Exotic plant species as problems and solutions in ecological
restoration: a synthesis. Restor Ecol 10:703–713. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.
01051.x
D’Antonio CM, Vitousek PM (1992) Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle,
and global change. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 23:63–87. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.23.
110192.000431
Davies KW, Boyd CS, Madsen MD et al (2018) Evaluating a seed technology for sagebrush
restoration across an elevation gradient: support for bet hedging. Rangel Ecol Manag
71:19–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2017.07.006
692
P. M. Holmes et al.
doi.org/10.3417/2017003
Balaguer L, Escudero A, Martín-Duque JF et al (2014) The historical reference in restoration
ecology: re-defining a cornerstone concept. Biol Conserv 176:12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biocon.2014.05.007
Beater MMT, Garner RD, Witkowski ETF (2008) Impacts of clearing invasive alien plants from
1995 to 2005 on vegetation structure, invasion intensity and ground cover in a temperate to
subtropical riparian ecosystem. S Afr J Bot 74:495–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2008.01.
174
Beisner BE, Haydon DT, Cuddington K (2003) Alternative stable states in ecology. Front Ecol
Environ 1:376–382. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0376:ASSIE]2.0.CO;2
Blanchard R, Holmes PM (2008) Riparian vegetation recovery after invasive alien tree clearance in
the Fynbos Biome. S Afr J Bot 74:421–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2008.01.178
Bond WJ, Slingsby P (1983) Seed dispersal by ants in shrublands of the Cape Province and its
evolutionary implications. S Afr J Sci 79:231–233
Brooks ML, D’Antonio CM, Richardson DM et al (2004) Effects of invasive alien plants on fire
regimes. Bioscience 54:677–688. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0677:EOIAPO]
2.0.CO;2
Brown NAC (1993) Promotion of fynbos seeds by plant-derived smoke. New Phytol 123:575–583.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1993.tb03770.x
Carrick PJ, Krüger R (2007) Restoring degraded landscapes in lowland Namaqualand: lessons from
the mining experience and from regional ecological dynamics. J Arid Environm 70:767–781.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.08.006
Clewell A, Aronson J, Winterhalder K (2004) The SER international primer on ecological restoration. Ecol Restor 2:206–207
Colvin C, Riemann K, Brown C et al (2009) Ecological and environmental impacts of large-scale
groundwater development in the Table Mountain Group (TMG) aquifer system. Report to Water
Research Commission of South Africa 1327, p 170
Convention on Biological Diversity Aichi Targets (2010) Aichi biodiversity targets. https://www.
cbd.int/sp/targets/. Accessed 10 Apr 2019
Costanza R, de Groot R, Braat L et al (2017) Twenty years of ecosystem services: how far have we
come and how far do we still need to go? Ecosyst Serv 28:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ecoser.2017.09.008
Crookes DJ, Blignaut JN, de Wit MP et al (2013) System dynamic modelling to assess economic
viability and risk trade-offs for ecological restoration in South Africa. J Environ Manage
120:138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.02.001
Crossman ND, Bernard F, Egoh B et al (2017) The role of ecological restoration and rehabilitation
in production landscapes: an enhanced approach to sustainable development (Working paper for
the UNCCD Global Land Outlook)
Currie B, Milton SJ, Steenkamp JC (2009) Cost-benefit analysis of alien vegetation clearing for
water yield and tourism in a mountain catchment in the Western Cape of South Africa. Ecol
Econ 68:2574–2579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.04.007
D’Antonio CM, Meyerson LA (2002) Exotic plant species as problems and solutions in ecological
restoration: a synthesis. Restor Ecol 10:703–713. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.
01051.x
D’Antonio CM, Vitousek PM (1992) Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle,
and global change. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 23:63–87. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.23.
110192.000431
Davies KW, Boyd CS, Madsen MD et al (2018) Evaluating a seed technology for sagebrush
restoration across an elevation gradient: support for bet hedging. Rangel Ecol Manag
71:19–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2017.07.006
692
P. M. Holmes et al.