Moran VC, Hoffmann JH, Zimmermann HG (2005) Biological control of invasive alien plants in
South Africa: necessity, circumspection, and success. Front Ecol Environ 3:77–83. https://doi.
org/10.2307/3868513
Nentwig W, Bacher S, Pyšek P, Vilà M, Kumschick S (2016) The generic impact scoring system
(GISS): a standardized tool to quantify the impacts of alien species. Environ Monit Assess
188:315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5321-4
Novoa A, Kaplan H, Kumschick S et al (2015) Soft touch or heavy hand? Legislative approaches
for preventing invasions: insights from Cactaceae in South Africa. Invasive Plant Sci Manag
8:307–316. https://doi.org/10.1614/IPSM-D-14-00073.1
Novoa A, Kumschick S, Richardson DM et al (2016a) Native range size and growth form in
Cactaceae predicts invasiveness and impact. NeoBiota 30:75–90. https://doi.org/10.3897/
neobiota.30.7253
Novoa A, Kaplan H, Wilson JRU et al (2016b) Resolving a prickly situation: involving stakeholders in invasive cactus management in South Africa. Environ Manag 57:998–1008. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0645-3
O’Connor T, van Wilgen BW (2020) The impact of invasive alien plants on rangelands in
South Africa. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds)
Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 457–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/
978-3-030-32394-3_16
OIE (2011) Guidelines for assessing the risk of non-native animals becoming invasive. http://www.
oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Our_scientific_expertise/docs/pdf/OIEGuidelines_
NonNativeAnimals_2012.pdf. Accessed 30 Aug 2017
Panetta FD, Timmins SM (2004) Evaluating the feasibility of eradication for terrestrial weed
invasions. Plant Prot Q 19:5–11
Pheloung PC, Williams PA, Halloy SR (1999) A weed risk assessment model for use as a
biosecurity tool evaluating plant introductions. J Environ Manag 57:239–251. https://doi.org/
10.1006/jema.1999.0297
Renteria JL, Rouget M, Visser V (2017) Rapid prioritisation of alien plants for eradication based on
climatic suitability and eradication feasibility. Austral Ecol 42:995–1005. https://doi.org/10.
1111/aec.12528
Richardson DM, Le Roux JJ, Wilson JRU (2015) Australian acacias as invasive species: lessons to
be learnt from regions with long planting histories. South For 77:31–39. https://doi.org/10.2989/
20702620.2014.999305
Roy HE, Rabitsch W, Scalera R et al (2018) Developing a framework of minimum standards for the
risk assessment of alien species. J Appl Ecol 55(2):526–538. https://doi.org/10.1111/13652664.13025
Scholes RJ, Schreiner GO, Snyman-van der Walt L (2017) Scientific assessments: matching the
process to the problem. Bothalia 47:191–199. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v47i2.2144
Shackleton RT, Novoa A, Shackleton CM et al (2020) The social dimensions of biological
invasions in South Africa In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya
TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 697–726. https://doi.org/10.
1007/978-3-030-32394-3_24
Soliman T, MacLeod A, Mumford JD et al (2016) A regional decision support scheme for pest risk
analysis in Southeast Asia. Risk Anal 36(5):904–913. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12477
Sutherland WJ, Burgman MA (2015) Use experts wisely. Nature 526(7573):317–318. https://doi.
org/10.1038/526317a
Tricarico E, Vilizzi L, Gherardi F et al (2010) Calibration of FI-ISK, an invasiveness screening tool
for nonnative freshwater invertebrates. Risk Anal 30:285–292. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.15396924.2009.01255.x
Tucker KC, Richardson DM (1995) An expert system for screening potentially invasive alien plants
in South African Fynbos. J Environ Manag 44:309–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4797
(95)90347-X
van Wilgen BW, Richardson DM (2012) Three centuries of managing introduced conifers in
South Africa: benefits, impacts, changing perceptions and conflict resolution. J Environ
Manag 106:56–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.03.052
594
S. Kumschick et al.
South Africa: necessity, circumspection, and success. Front Ecol Environ 3:77–83. https://doi.
org/10.2307/3868513
Nentwig W, Bacher S, Pyšek P, Vilà M, Kumschick S (2016) The generic impact scoring system
(GISS): a standardized tool to quantify the impacts of alien species. Environ Monit Assess
188:315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5321-4
Novoa A, Kaplan H, Kumschick S et al (2015) Soft touch or heavy hand? Legislative approaches
for preventing invasions: insights from Cactaceae in South Africa. Invasive Plant Sci Manag
8:307–316. https://doi.org/10.1614/IPSM-D-14-00073.1
Novoa A, Kumschick S, Richardson DM et al (2016a) Native range size and growth form in
Cactaceae predicts invasiveness and impact. NeoBiota 30:75–90. https://doi.org/10.3897/
neobiota.30.7253
Novoa A, Kaplan H, Wilson JRU et al (2016b) Resolving a prickly situation: involving stakeholders in invasive cactus management in South Africa. Environ Manag 57:998–1008. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0645-3
O’Connor T, van Wilgen BW (2020) The impact of invasive alien plants on rangelands in
South Africa. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds)
Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 457–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/
978-3-030-32394-3_16
OIE (2011) Guidelines for assessing the risk of non-native animals becoming invasive. http://www.
oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Our_scientific_expertise/docs/pdf/OIEGuidelines_
NonNativeAnimals_2012.pdf. Accessed 30 Aug 2017
Panetta FD, Timmins SM (2004) Evaluating the feasibility of eradication for terrestrial weed
invasions. Plant Prot Q 19:5–11
Pheloung PC, Williams PA, Halloy SR (1999) A weed risk assessment model for use as a
biosecurity tool evaluating plant introductions. J Environ Manag 57:239–251. https://doi.org/
10.1006/jema.1999.0297
Renteria JL, Rouget M, Visser V (2017) Rapid prioritisation of alien plants for eradication based on
climatic suitability and eradication feasibility. Austral Ecol 42:995–1005. https://doi.org/10.
1111/aec.12528
Richardson DM, Le Roux JJ, Wilson JRU (2015) Australian acacias as invasive species: lessons to
be learnt from regions with long planting histories. South For 77:31–39. https://doi.org/10.2989/
20702620.2014.999305
Roy HE, Rabitsch W, Scalera R et al (2018) Developing a framework of minimum standards for the
risk assessment of alien species. J Appl Ecol 55(2):526–538. https://doi.org/10.1111/13652664.13025
Scholes RJ, Schreiner GO, Snyman-van der Walt L (2017) Scientific assessments: matching the
process to the problem. Bothalia 47:191–199. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v47i2.2144
Shackleton RT, Novoa A, Shackleton CM et al (2020) The social dimensions of biological
invasions in South Africa In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya
TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 697–726. https://doi.org/10.
1007/978-3-030-32394-3_24
Soliman T, MacLeod A, Mumford JD et al (2016) A regional decision support scheme for pest risk
analysis in Southeast Asia. Risk Anal 36(5):904–913. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12477
Sutherland WJ, Burgman MA (2015) Use experts wisely. Nature 526(7573):317–318. https://doi.
org/10.1038/526317a
Tricarico E, Vilizzi L, Gherardi F et al (2010) Calibration of FI-ISK, an invasiveness screening tool
for nonnative freshwater invertebrates. Risk Anal 30:285–292. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.15396924.2009.01255.x
Tucker KC, Richardson DM (1995) An expert system for screening potentially invasive alien plants
in South African Fynbos. J Environ Manag 44:309–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4797
(95)90347-X
van Wilgen BW, Richardson DM (2012) Three centuries of managing introduced conifers in
South Africa: benefits, impacts, changing perceptions and conflict resolution. J Environ
Manag 106:56–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.03.052
594
S. Kumschick et al.