Ellender BR, Weyl OLF (2014) A review of current knowledge, risk and ecological impacts
associated with non-native freshwater fish introductions in South Africa. Aquat Invasions
9:117–132. https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2014.9.2.01
FAO (1996) Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests. International standards for phytosanitary
measures publication no. FAO, Rome, p 11
Faulkner KT, Robertson MP, Rouget M et al (2014) A simple, rapid methodology for developing
invasive species watchlists. Biol Conserv 179:25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.08.
014
Hill MP, Moran VC, Hoffmann JH et al (2020) More than a century of biological control against
invasive alien plants in South Africa: a synoptic view of what has been accomplished. In: van
Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in
South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 549–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_19
International Maritime Organization (2004) International convention for the control and management of ships’ ballast water and sediments, 2004. BWM/CONF/36. IMO, London
IUCN (2000) IUCN guidelines for the prevention of biodiversity loss caused by alien invasive
species approved by 51st meeting of the IUCN Council, February 2000. http://www.issg.org/
infpaper_invasive.pdf
Jacobs L, Richardson DM, Wilson JRU (2014) Melaleuca parvistaminea Byrnes (Myrtaceae) in
South Africa: invasion risk and feasibility of eradication. S Afr J Bot 94:24–32. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.sajb.2014.05.002
Kaplan H, van Zyl HWF, Le Roux JJ et al (2012) Distribution and management of Acacia implexa
in South Africa: is eradication an option? S Afr J Bot 83:23–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.
2012.07.016
Keller RP, Kumschick S (2017) Promise and challenges of risk assessment as an approach for
preventing the arrival of invasive species. Bothalia 47:131–138. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.
v47i2.2136
Keller RP, Lodge DM, Finnoff DC (2007) Risk assessment for invasive species produces net
bioeconomic benefits. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:203–207. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.
0605787104
Klein H, Hill MP, Zachariades C et al (2011) Regulation and risk assessment for importations and
releases of biological control agents against invasive alien plants in South Africa. Afr Entomol
19:488–497. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.019.0215
Kumschick S, Richardson DM (2013) Species-based risk assessments for biological invasions:
advances and challenges. Divers Distrib 19:1095–1105. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12110
Kumschick S, Bacher S, Dawson W et al (2012) A conceptual framework for prioritization of
invasive alien species for management according to their impact. NeoBiota 15:69–100. https://
doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.15.3323
Kumschick S, Devenish A, Kenis M et al (2016) Intentionally introduced terrestrial invertebrates:
patterns, risks, and options for management. Biol Invasions 18:1077–1088. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s10530-016-1086-5
Kumschick S, Wilson JR, Foxcroft LC (2018) Framework and guidelines for conducting risk
analyses for alien species. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201811.0551.v1
Le Maitre DC, Blignaut JN, Clulow A et al (2020) Impacts of plant invasions on terrestrial water
flows in South Africa. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA
(eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 429–456. https://doi.org/10.
1007/978-3-030-32394-3_15
Leung B, Roura-Pascual N, Bacher S et al (2012) TEASIng apart alien species risk assessments: a
framework for best practices. Ecol Lett 15:1475–1493. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12003
Mandrak NE, Cudmore B (2004) Risk assessment for Asian carps in Canada. Department of
Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Burlington, Ontario
Marr SM, Ellender BR, Woodford DJ et al (2017) Evaluating invasion risk for freshwater fishes in
South Africa. Bothalia 47(2):150–159. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v47i2.2177
Montibeller G, Von Winterfeldt D (2015) Cognitive and motivational biases in decision and risk
analysis. Risk Anal 35(7):1230–1251. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12360
20 Analysing the Risks Posed by Biological Invasions to South Africa
593
associated with non-native freshwater fish introductions in South Africa. Aquat Invasions
9:117–132. https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2014.9.2.01
FAO (1996) Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests. International standards for phytosanitary
measures publication no. FAO, Rome, p 11
Faulkner KT, Robertson MP, Rouget M et al (2014) A simple, rapid methodology for developing
invasive species watchlists. Biol Conserv 179:25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.08.
014
Hill MP, Moran VC, Hoffmann JH et al (2020) More than a century of biological control against
invasive alien plants in South Africa: a synoptic view of what has been accomplished. In: van
Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in
South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 549–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_19
International Maritime Organization (2004) International convention for the control and management of ships’ ballast water and sediments, 2004. BWM/CONF/36. IMO, London
IUCN (2000) IUCN guidelines for the prevention of biodiversity loss caused by alien invasive
species approved by 51st meeting of the IUCN Council, February 2000. http://www.issg.org/
infpaper_invasive.pdf
Jacobs L, Richardson DM, Wilson JRU (2014) Melaleuca parvistaminea Byrnes (Myrtaceae) in
South Africa: invasion risk and feasibility of eradication. S Afr J Bot 94:24–32. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.sajb.2014.05.002
Kaplan H, van Zyl HWF, Le Roux JJ et al (2012) Distribution and management of Acacia implexa
in South Africa: is eradication an option? S Afr J Bot 83:23–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.
2012.07.016
Keller RP, Kumschick S (2017) Promise and challenges of risk assessment as an approach for
preventing the arrival of invasive species. Bothalia 47:131–138. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.
v47i2.2136
Keller RP, Lodge DM, Finnoff DC (2007) Risk assessment for invasive species produces net
bioeconomic benefits. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:203–207. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.
0605787104
Klein H, Hill MP, Zachariades C et al (2011) Regulation and risk assessment for importations and
releases of biological control agents against invasive alien plants in South Africa. Afr Entomol
19:488–497. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.019.0215
Kumschick S, Richardson DM (2013) Species-based risk assessments for biological invasions:
advances and challenges. Divers Distrib 19:1095–1105. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12110
Kumschick S, Bacher S, Dawson W et al (2012) A conceptual framework for prioritization of
invasive alien species for management according to their impact. NeoBiota 15:69–100. https://
doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.15.3323
Kumschick S, Devenish A, Kenis M et al (2016) Intentionally introduced terrestrial invertebrates:
patterns, risks, and options for management. Biol Invasions 18:1077–1088. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s10530-016-1086-5
Kumschick S, Wilson JR, Foxcroft LC (2018) Framework and guidelines for conducting risk
analyses for alien species. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201811.0551.v1
Le Maitre DC, Blignaut JN, Clulow A et al (2020) Impacts of plant invasions on terrestrial water
flows in South Africa. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA
(eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 429–456. https://doi.org/10.
1007/978-3-030-32394-3_15
Leung B, Roura-Pascual N, Bacher S et al (2012) TEASIng apart alien species risk assessments: a
framework for best practices. Ecol Lett 15:1475–1493. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12003
Mandrak NE, Cudmore B (2004) Risk assessment for Asian carps in Canada. Department of
Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Burlington, Ontario
Marr SM, Ellender BR, Woodford DJ et al (2017) Evaluating invasion risk for freshwater fishes in
South Africa. Bothalia 47(2):150–159. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v47i2.2177
Montibeller G, Von Winterfeldt D (2015) Cognitive and motivational biases in decision and risk
analysis. Risk Anal 35(7):1230–1251. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12360
20 Analysing the Risks Posed by Biological Invasions to South Africa
593