O’Connor TG, Stevens N (2017) Bush encroachment. Oxford online library. https://doi.org/10.
1093/OBO/9780199363445-0069
O’Connor TG, Morris CD, Marriott DJ (2003) Change in land use and botanical composition of
KwaZulu-Natal’s grasslands over the past fifty years: Acocks’ sites revisited. S Afr J Bot
69:105–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30365-3
O’Connor TG, Puttick JR, Hoffman MT (2014) Bush encroachment in southern Africa: changes
and causes. Afr J Range For Sci 31:67–88. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2014.939996
O’Reagain PJ, Turner JR (1992) An evaluation of the empirical basis for grazing management
recommendations for rangeland in southern Africa. J Grassl Soc South Afr 9:38–49. https://doi.
org/10.1080/02566702.1992.9648297
Orton J, Mitchell P, Klein R et al (2013) An early date for cattle from Namaqualand, South Africa:
implications for the origin of herding in southern Africa. Antiquity 87:108–120. https://doi.org/
10.1017/S0003598X00048651
Rahlao SJ, Milton SJ, Esler KJ et al (2009) Effects of invasion of fire-free arid shrublands by a
fire-promoting invasive alien grass (Pennisetum setaceum) in South Africa. Austral Ecol
34:920–928. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.02000.x
Richardson DM, Kluge RL (2008) Seed banks of invasive Australian Acacia species in
South Africa: role in invasiveness and options for management. Perspect Plant Ecol
10:161–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2008.03.001
Richardson DM, van Wilgen BW (2004) Invasive alien plants in South Africa: how well do we
understand the ecological impacts? S Afr J Sci 100:45–52
Richardson DM, Bond WJ, Dean WRJ et al (2000) Invasive alien organisms and global change: a
South African perspective. In: Mooney HA, Hobbs RJ (eds) Invasive species in a changing
world. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 303–349
Richardson DM, Foxcroft LC, Latombe G et al (2020) The biogeography of South African
terrestrial plant invasions. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya
TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 65–94. https://doi.org/10.
1007/978-3-030-32394-3_3
Rouget M, Richardson DM, Nel JL et al (2004) Mapping the potential ranges of major plant
invaders of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland using climatic suitability. Divers Distrib
10:475–484
Rouget M, Hui C, Renteria J et al (2015) Plant invasions as a biogeographical assay: vegetation
biomes constrain the distribution of invasive alien species assemblages. S Afr J Bot 101:24–31.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.04.009
Roux E (1969) Grass: a story of Frankenwald. Oxford University Press, Cape Town
Rowe-Rowe DT, Scotcher JSB (1986) Ecological carrying capacity of the Natal Drakensberg for
wild ungulates. S Afr J Wildl Res 16:12–16
Rutherford MC, Powrie LW (2011) Can heavy grazing on communal land elevate plant species
richness levels in the Grassland Biome of South Africa? Plant Ecol 212:1407–1418. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s11258-011-9916-0
Rutherford MC, Powrie LW, Husted LB (2012a) Plant diversity consequences of a herbivoredriven biome switch from grassland to Nama-Karoo shrub steppe in South Africa. Appl Veg Sci
15:14–25
Rutherford MC, Powrie LW, Thompson DI (2012b) Impacts of high utilisation pressure on
biodiversity components in Colophospermum mopane savanna. Afr J Range For Sci 29:1–11
SANBI (2018) Gums and bees. A roadmap for landowners in South Africa. South African National
Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria
Scott-Shaw R, Morris CD (2015) Grazing depletes forb species diversity in the mesic grasslands of
KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Afr J Range For Sci 32:21–31. https://doi.org/10.2989/
10220119.2014.901418
Shackleton CM, Shackleton SE (2004) The importance of non-timber forest products in rural
livelihood security and as safety nets: evidence from South Africa. S Afr J Sci 100:658–664
16 The Impact of Invasive Alien Plants on Rangelands in South Africa
485
1093/OBO/9780199363445-0069
O’Connor TG, Morris CD, Marriott DJ (2003) Change in land use and botanical composition of
KwaZulu-Natal’s grasslands over the past fifty years: Acocks’ sites revisited. S Afr J Bot
69:105–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30365-3
O’Connor TG, Puttick JR, Hoffman MT (2014) Bush encroachment in southern Africa: changes
and causes. Afr J Range For Sci 31:67–88. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2014.939996
O’Reagain PJ, Turner JR (1992) An evaluation of the empirical basis for grazing management
recommendations for rangeland in southern Africa. J Grassl Soc South Afr 9:38–49. https://doi.
org/10.1080/02566702.1992.9648297
Orton J, Mitchell P, Klein R et al (2013) An early date for cattle from Namaqualand, South Africa:
implications for the origin of herding in southern Africa. Antiquity 87:108–120. https://doi.org/
10.1017/S0003598X00048651
Rahlao SJ, Milton SJ, Esler KJ et al (2009) Effects of invasion of fire-free arid shrublands by a
fire-promoting invasive alien grass (Pennisetum setaceum) in South Africa. Austral Ecol
34:920–928. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.02000.x
Richardson DM, Kluge RL (2008) Seed banks of invasive Australian Acacia species in
South Africa: role in invasiveness and options for management. Perspect Plant Ecol
10:161–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2008.03.001
Richardson DM, van Wilgen BW (2004) Invasive alien plants in South Africa: how well do we
understand the ecological impacts? S Afr J Sci 100:45–52
Richardson DM, Bond WJ, Dean WRJ et al (2000) Invasive alien organisms and global change: a
South African perspective. In: Mooney HA, Hobbs RJ (eds) Invasive species in a changing
world. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 303–349
Richardson DM, Foxcroft LC, Latombe G et al (2020) The biogeography of South African
terrestrial plant invasions. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya
TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 65–94. https://doi.org/10.
1007/978-3-030-32394-3_3
Rouget M, Richardson DM, Nel JL et al (2004) Mapping the potential ranges of major plant
invaders of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland using climatic suitability. Divers Distrib
10:475–484
Rouget M, Hui C, Renteria J et al (2015) Plant invasions as a biogeographical assay: vegetation
biomes constrain the distribution of invasive alien species assemblages. S Afr J Bot 101:24–31.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.04.009
Roux E (1969) Grass: a story of Frankenwald. Oxford University Press, Cape Town
Rowe-Rowe DT, Scotcher JSB (1986) Ecological carrying capacity of the Natal Drakensberg for
wild ungulates. S Afr J Wildl Res 16:12–16
Rutherford MC, Powrie LW (2011) Can heavy grazing on communal land elevate plant species
richness levels in the Grassland Biome of South Africa? Plant Ecol 212:1407–1418. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s11258-011-9916-0
Rutherford MC, Powrie LW, Husted LB (2012a) Plant diversity consequences of a herbivoredriven biome switch from grassland to Nama-Karoo shrub steppe in South Africa. Appl Veg Sci
15:14–25
Rutherford MC, Powrie LW, Thompson DI (2012b) Impacts of high utilisation pressure on
biodiversity components in Colophospermum mopane savanna. Afr J Range For Sci 29:1–11
SANBI (2018) Gums and bees. A roadmap for landowners in South Africa. South African National
Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria
Scott-Shaw R, Morris CD (2015) Grazing depletes forb species diversity in the mesic grasslands of
KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Afr J Range For Sci 32:21–31. https://doi.org/10.2989/
10220119.2014.901418
Shackleton CM, Shackleton SE (2004) The importance of non-timber forest products in rural
livelihood security and as safety nets: evidence from South Africa. S Afr J Sci 100:658–664
16 The Impact of Invasive Alien Plants on Rangelands in South Africa
485