Shackleton CM, McGarry D, Fourie S et al (2007) Assessing the effects of invasive alien species on
rural livelihoods: case examples and a framework from South Africa. Hum Ecol 35:113–127.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-006-9095-0
Shackleton RT, Le Maitre DC, Richardson DM et al (2015) The impact of invasive alien Prosopis
species (mesquite) on native plants in different environments in South Africa. S Afr J Bot
97:25–31
Shackleton RT, Witt A, Merinyi F, van Wilgen BW (2017) Distribution and socio-ecological
impacts of the invasive alien cactus Opuntia stricta in eastern Africa. Biol Invasions
19:2427–2441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1453-x
Skowno AL, Poole CJ, Raimondo DC et al (2019) National biodiversity assessment 2018: the status
of South Africa’s ecosystems and biodiversity. Synthesis report. South African National
Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria
Tainton NM (1999) Veld management in South Africa. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg
Tapson D (1993) Biological sustainability in pastoral systems: the KwaZulu case. In: Behnke RH,
Scoones I, Kerven C (eds) Range ecology at disequilibrium. Overseas Development Institute,
London, pp 118–135
Terblanche C, Nänni I, Kaplan H et al (2016) An approach to the development of a national strategy
for controlling invasive alien plant species: the case of Parthenium hysterophorus in
South Africa. Bothalia 46(1):a2053. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v46i1.2053
Thrash I (1998) Impact of water provision on herbaceous vegetation in Kruger National Park,
South Africa. J Arid Environ 38:315–324. https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.1997.0331
Titshall LW, O’Connor TG, Morris CD (2000) Effect of long-term exclusion of fire and herbivory
on the soils and vegetation of sour grassland. Afr J Range For Sci 17:70–80. https://doi.org/10.
2989/10220110009485742
Todd SW, Hoffman MT (2009) A fence line in time demonstrates grazing-induced vegetation shifts
and dynamics in the semiarid Succulent Karoo. Ecol Appl 19:1897–1908. https://doi.org/10.
1890/08-0602.1
van den Berg E (2010) Detection, quantification and monitoring Prosopis spp. in the Northern Cape
Province of South Africa using remote sensing and GIS. MSc thesis, North-West University,
Potchefstroom
van Sittert L (2002) ‘Our irrepressible fellow-colonist’: the biological invasion of prickly pear
(Opuntia ficus-indica) in the Eastern Cape c.1890-c.1910. J Hist Geog 28:397–419. https://doi.
org/10.1006/jhge.2001.0457
van Wilgen BW, Richardson DM (2014) Challenges and trade-offs in the management of invasive
alien trees. Biol Invasions 16:721–734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-013-0615-8
van Wilgen BW, Scholes RJ (1997) The vegetation and fire regimes of southern hemisphere Africa.
In: van Wilgen BW, Andreae MO, Goldammer GJ et al (eds) Fire in southern African savannas:
ecological and atmospheric perspectives. Wits University Press, Johannesburg, pp 27–46
van Wilgen BW, Wilson JR (2018) The status of biological invasions and their management in
South Africa 2017. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch and DST-NRF
Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch
van Wilgen BW, Reyers B, Le Maitre DC et al (2008) A biome-scale assessment of the impact of
invasive alien plants on ecosystem services in South Africa. J Environ Manag 89:336–349.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.06.015
Visser V, Wilson JRU, Canavan K et al (2017) Grasses as invasive plants in South Africa revisited:
patterns, pathways and management. Bothalia 27(2):a2169. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v47i2.
2169
von Ahlefeldt D, Crouch NR, Nichols G et al (2003) Medicinal plants traded on South Africa’s
eastern seaboard. Ethekwini Parks Department and University of KwaZulu-Natal, Porcupine
Press
Walker C, Milton SJ, O’Connor T et al (2018) Drivers and trajectories of social and ecological
change in the Karoo region of South Africa. Afr J Range For Sci 35:157–177. https://doi.org/10.
2989/10220119.2018.1518263
486
T. G. O’Connor and B. W. van Wilgen
rural livelihoods: case examples and a framework from South Africa. Hum Ecol 35:113–127.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-006-9095-0
Shackleton RT, Le Maitre DC, Richardson DM et al (2015) The impact of invasive alien Prosopis
species (mesquite) on native plants in different environments in South Africa. S Afr J Bot
97:25–31
Shackleton RT, Witt A, Merinyi F, van Wilgen BW (2017) Distribution and socio-ecological
impacts of the invasive alien cactus Opuntia stricta in eastern Africa. Biol Invasions
19:2427–2441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1453-x
Skowno AL, Poole CJ, Raimondo DC et al (2019) National biodiversity assessment 2018: the status
of South Africa’s ecosystems and biodiversity. Synthesis report. South African National
Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria
Tainton NM (1999) Veld management in South Africa. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg
Tapson D (1993) Biological sustainability in pastoral systems: the KwaZulu case. In: Behnke RH,
Scoones I, Kerven C (eds) Range ecology at disequilibrium. Overseas Development Institute,
London, pp 118–135
Terblanche C, Nänni I, Kaplan H et al (2016) An approach to the development of a national strategy
for controlling invasive alien plant species: the case of Parthenium hysterophorus in
South Africa. Bothalia 46(1):a2053. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v46i1.2053
Thrash I (1998) Impact of water provision on herbaceous vegetation in Kruger National Park,
South Africa. J Arid Environ 38:315–324. https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.1997.0331
Titshall LW, O’Connor TG, Morris CD (2000) Effect of long-term exclusion of fire and herbivory
on the soils and vegetation of sour grassland. Afr J Range For Sci 17:70–80. https://doi.org/10.
2989/10220110009485742
Todd SW, Hoffman MT (2009) A fence line in time demonstrates grazing-induced vegetation shifts
and dynamics in the semiarid Succulent Karoo. Ecol Appl 19:1897–1908. https://doi.org/10.
1890/08-0602.1
van den Berg E (2010) Detection, quantification and monitoring Prosopis spp. in the Northern Cape
Province of South Africa using remote sensing and GIS. MSc thesis, North-West University,
Potchefstroom
van Sittert L (2002) ‘Our irrepressible fellow-colonist’: the biological invasion of prickly pear
(Opuntia ficus-indica) in the Eastern Cape c.1890-c.1910. J Hist Geog 28:397–419. https://doi.
org/10.1006/jhge.2001.0457
van Wilgen BW, Richardson DM (2014) Challenges and trade-offs in the management of invasive
alien trees. Biol Invasions 16:721–734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-013-0615-8
van Wilgen BW, Scholes RJ (1997) The vegetation and fire regimes of southern hemisphere Africa.
In: van Wilgen BW, Andreae MO, Goldammer GJ et al (eds) Fire in southern African savannas:
ecological and atmospheric perspectives. Wits University Press, Johannesburg, pp 27–46
van Wilgen BW, Wilson JR (2018) The status of biological invasions and their management in
South Africa 2017. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch and DST-NRF
Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch
van Wilgen BW, Reyers B, Le Maitre DC et al (2008) A biome-scale assessment of the impact of
invasive alien plants on ecosystem services in South Africa. J Environ Manag 89:336–349.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.06.015
Visser V, Wilson JRU, Canavan K et al (2017) Grasses as invasive plants in South Africa revisited:
patterns, pathways and management. Bothalia 27(2):a2169. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v47i2.
2169
von Ahlefeldt D, Crouch NR, Nichols G et al (2003) Medicinal plants traded on South Africa’s
eastern seaboard. Ethekwini Parks Department and University of KwaZulu-Natal, Porcupine
Press
Walker C, Milton SJ, O’Connor T et al (2018) Drivers and trajectories of social and ecological
change in the Karoo region of South Africa. Afr J Range For Sci 35:157–177. https://doi.org/10.
2989/10220119.2018.1518263
486
T. G. O’Connor and B. W. van Wilgen