Middlemiss E (1963) The distribution of Acacia cyclops in the Cape Peninsula area by birds and
other animals. S Afr J Sci 59:419–420
Milton SJ, Wilson JRU, Richardson DM et al (2007) Invasive alien plants infiltrate bird-mediated
shrub nucleation processes in arid savanna. J Ecol 95:648–661. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.13652745.2007.01247.x
Minnaar IA, Shinner R, van Noort S et al (2014) New records of the parasitic wasp Dinocampus
coccinellae (Hymeoptera: Braconidae) and its hosts in South Africa. Afr Entomol 22:226–229
Mokotjomela TM (2012) A comparison of bird foraging preferences for fruits of indigenous and
alien shrubs and seed dispersal potentials in the Cape Floristic Region. PhD Thesis, Stellenbosch University. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.022.0124
Mokotjomela TM, Hoffmann JH (2013) Removal of post-dispersed seeds in Acacia cyclops thickets
under biological control in South Africa. S Afr J Bot 88:260–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.
2013.08.004
Mokotjomela TM, Musil CF, Esler KJ (2013a) Do frugivorous birds concentrate their foraging
activities on those alien plants with the most abundant and nutritious fruits in the South African
Mediterranean-climate region? Plant Ecol 214:49–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-0120145-y
Mokotjomela TM, Musil CF, Esler KJ (2013b) Frugivorous birds visit fruits of emerging alien
shrub species more frequently than those of native shrub species in the South African Mediterranean climate region. S Afr J Bot 86:73–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.02.004
Mokotjomela TM, Musil CF, Esler KJ (2013c) Potential seed dispersal distances of native and
non-native fleshy fruiting shrubs in the South African Mediterranean climate region. Plant Ecol
214:1127–1137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-013-0237-3
Mokotjomela TM, Hoffmann JH, Downs CT (2015) The potential for birds to disperse the seeds of
Acacia cyclops, an invasive alien plant in South Africa. Ibis 157:449–458. https://doi.org/10.
1111/ibi.12260
Mokotjomela TM, Downs CT, Esler KS et al (2016) Seed dispersal effectiveness: a comparison of
four bird species feeding on seeds of invasive Acacia cyclops in South Africa. S Afr J Bot
105:259–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.04.005
Moodley D, Geerts S, Richardson DM et al (2016) The importance of pollinators and autonomous
self-fertilisation in the early stages of plant invasions: Banksia and Hakea (Proteaceae) as case
studies. Plant Biol 18:124–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12334
Mosiane SM, Kfir R, Villet MH (2003) Seasonal phenology of the diamondback moth, Plutella
xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), and its parasitoids on canola, Brassica napus (L.), in
Gauteng province, South Africa. Afr Entomol 11:277–285
Muller-Landau HC, Hardesty BD (2005) Seed dispersal of woody plants in tropical forests:
concepts, examples, and future directions. In: Burslem D, Pinard M, Hartley S (eds) Biotic
interactions in the tropics: their role in the maintenance of species diversity. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, pp 267–309. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511541971.012
Nattero J, Cocucci AA (2007) Geographical variation in floral traits of the tree tobacco in relation to
its hummingbird pollinator fauna. Biol J Linn Soc 90:657–667. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.10958312.2007.00756.x
Naylor RL, Williams SL, Strong DR (2001) Aquaculture – a gateway for exotic species. Science
294:1655–1656. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1064875
Ndlovu J, Richardson DM, Wilson JRU et al (2013) Co-invasion of South African ecosystems by an
Australian legume and its rhizobial symbionts. J Biogeogr 40:1240–1251. https://doi.org/10.
1111/jbi.12091
Noble IR (1989) Attributes of invaders and the invading process: terrestrial and vascular plants. In:
Drake JA, Mooney HA, di Castri F, Groves RH, Kruger FJ, Rejmanek M, Williamson M (eds)
Biological invasions. Wiley, Chichester, pp 301–313
Nofemela RS (2013) The effect of obligate hyperparasitoids on biological control: differential
vulnerability of primary parasitoids to hyperparasitism can mitigate trophic cascades. Biol
Control 65:218–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.02.003
422
J. J. Le Roux et al.
other animals. S Afr J Sci 59:419–420
Milton SJ, Wilson JRU, Richardson DM et al (2007) Invasive alien plants infiltrate bird-mediated
shrub nucleation processes in arid savanna. J Ecol 95:648–661. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.13652745.2007.01247.x
Minnaar IA, Shinner R, van Noort S et al (2014) New records of the parasitic wasp Dinocampus
coccinellae (Hymeoptera: Braconidae) and its hosts in South Africa. Afr Entomol 22:226–229
Mokotjomela TM (2012) A comparison of bird foraging preferences for fruits of indigenous and
alien shrubs and seed dispersal potentials in the Cape Floristic Region. PhD Thesis, Stellenbosch University. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.022.0124
Mokotjomela TM, Hoffmann JH (2013) Removal of post-dispersed seeds in Acacia cyclops thickets
under biological control in South Africa. S Afr J Bot 88:260–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.
2013.08.004
Mokotjomela TM, Musil CF, Esler KJ (2013a) Do frugivorous birds concentrate their foraging
activities on those alien plants with the most abundant and nutritious fruits in the South African
Mediterranean-climate region? Plant Ecol 214:49–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-0120145-y
Mokotjomela TM, Musil CF, Esler KJ (2013b) Frugivorous birds visit fruits of emerging alien
shrub species more frequently than those of native shrub species in the South African Mediterranean climate region. S Afr J Bot 86:73–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.02.004
Mokotjomela TM, Musil CF, Esler KJ (2013c) Potential seed dispersal distances of native and
non-native fleshy fruiting shrubs in the South African Mediterranean climate region. Plant Ecol
214:1127–1137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-013-0237-3
Mokotjomela TM, Hoffmann JH, Downs CT (2015) The potential for birds to disperse the seeds of
Acacia cyclops, an invasive alien plant in South Africa. Ibis 157:449–458. https://doi.org/10.
1111/ibi.12260
Mokotjomela TM, Downs CT, Esler KS et al (2016) Seed dispersal effectiveness: a comparison of
four bird species feeding on seeds of invasive Acacia cyclops in South Africa. S Afr J Bot
105:259–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.04.005
Moodley D, Geerts S, Richardson DM et al (2016) The importance of pollinators and autonomous
self-fertilisation in the early stages of plant invasions: Banksia and Hakea (Proteaceae) as case
studies. Plant Biol 18:124–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12334
Mosiane SM, Kfir R, Villet MH (2003) Seasonal phenology of the diamondback moth, Plutella
xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), and its parasitoids on canola, Brassica napus (L.), in
Gauteng province, South Africa. Afr Entomol 11:277–285
Muller-Landau HC, Hardesty BD (2005) Seed dispersal of woody plants in tropical forests:
concepts, examples, and future directions. In: Burslem D, Pinard M, Hartley S (eds) Biotic
interactions in the tropics: their role in the maintenance of species diversity. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, pp 267–309. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511541971.012
Nattero J, Cocucci AA (2007) Geographical variation in floral traits of the tree tobacco in relation to
its hummingbird pollinator fauna. Biol J Linn Soc 90:657–667. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.10958312.2007.00756.x
Naylor RL, Williams SL, Strong DR (2001) Aquaculture – a gateway for exotic species. Science
294:1655–1656. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1064875
Ndlovu J, Richardson DM, Wilson JRU et al (2013) Co-invasion of South African ecosystems by an
Australian legume and its rhizobial symbionts. J Biogeogr 40:1240–1251. https://doi.org/10.
1111/jbi.12091
Noble IR (1989) Attributes of invaders and the invading process: terrestrial and vascular plants. In:
Drake JA, Mooney HA, di Castri F, Groves RH, Kruger FJ, Rejmanek M, Williamson M (eds)
Biological invasions. Wiley, Chichester, pp 301–313
Nofemela RS (2013) The effect of obligate hyperparasitoids on biological control: differential
vulnerability of primary parasitoids to hyperparasitism can mitigate trophic cascades. Biol
Control 65:218–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.02.003
422
J. J. Le Roux et al.