Nofemela RS, Kfir R (2005) The role of parasitoids in suppressing diamondback moth, Plutella
xylostella (L) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), populations on unsprayed cabbage in the North West
Province of South Africa. Afr Entomol 13:71–83
Nuñez MA, Dickie IA (2014) Invasive belowground mutualists of woody plants. Biol Invasions
16:645–661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-013-0612-y
Olckers T (2011) Biological control of Leucaena leucocephala (Fabaceae) in South Africa: a tale of
opportunism, seed feeders and unanswered questions. Afr Entomol 19:356–365. https://doi.org/
10.4001/003.019.0219
Ollerton J, Winfree R, Tarrant S (2011) How many flowering plants are pollinated by animals?
Oikos 120:321–326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18644.x
Ollerton J, Watts S, Connerty S et al (2012) Pollination ecology of the invasive tree tobacco
Nicotiana glauca: comparisons across native and non-native ranges. J Pollinat Ecol 9:85–95.
https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2012)12
Parker MA (2001) Mutualism as a constraint on invasion success for legumes and rhizobia. Divers
Distrib 7:125–136. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-4642.2001.00103.x
Pauw A (2013) Can pollination niches facilitate plant coexistence? Trends Ecol Evol 28:30–37.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.07.019
Pauw A, Stanway R (2015) Unrivalled specialization in a pollination network from South Africa
reveals that specialization increases with latitude only in the Southern Hemisphere. J Biogeogr
42:652–661. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12453
Phillips RD, Steinmeyer F, Menz MHM et al (2014) Changes in the composition and behaviour of a
pollinator guild with plant population size and the consequences for plant fecundity. Funct Ecol
28:846–856. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12237
Phiri EE, McGeoch MA, Chown SL (2009) Spatial variation in structural damage to a keystone
plant species in the sub-Antarctic: interactions between Azorella selago and invasive house
mice. Antarct Sci 21:189–196. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102008001569
Post DM, Palkovacs EP (2009) Eco-evolutionary feedbacks in community and ecosystem ecology:
interactions between the ecological theater and the evolutionary play. Philos Trans R Soc B
364:1629–1640. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0012
Potgieter LJ, Douwes E, Gaertner M et al (2020) Biological invasions in South Africa’s urban
ecosystems: patterns, processes, impacts and management. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J,
Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer,
Berlin, pp 273–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_11
Prenter J, MacNeil C, Dick JTA et al (2004) Roles of parasites in invasions. Trends Ecol Evol
19:385–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.05.002
Procheş S, Wilson JRU, Richardson DM et al (2008) Herbivores, but not other insects, are scarce on
alien plants. Austral Ecol 33:691–700. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01836.x
Pyšek P, Pergl J, Essl F et al (2017) Naturalized alien flora of the world: species diversity,
taxonomic and phylogenetic patterns, geographic distribution and global hotspots of plant
invasion. Preslia 89:203–274. https://doi.org/10.23855/preslia.2017.203
Ramanand H, Olckers T (2013) Does height of exposure in the canopy influence egg mortality in
Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent of
Leucaena leucocephala in South Africa? Biocontrol Sci Technol 23:545–554. https://doi.org/
10.1080/09583157.2013.790344
Rambuda TD, Johnson SD (2004) Breeding systems of invasive alien plants in South Africa: does
Baker’s rule apply? Divers Distrib 10:409–416. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.
00100.x
Rejmánek M (1996) A theory of seed plant invasiveness: the first sketch. Biol Conserv 78:171–181
Richardson DM, Pyšek P (2012) Naturalization of introduced plants: ecological drivers of biogeographic patterns. New Phytol 196:383–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04292.x
Richardson DM, van Wilgen BW (2004) Invasive alien plants in South Africa: how well do we
understand the ecological impacts? Working for water. S Afr J Sci 100:45–52
Richardson DM, Williams PA, Hobbs RJ (1994) Pine invasions in the Southern Hemisphere:
determinants of spread and invasibility. J Biogeogr 21:511–527. https://doi.org/10.2307/
2845655
14 Biotic Interactions as Mediators of Biological Invasions
423
xylostella (L) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), populations on unsprayed cabbage in the North West
Province of South Africa. Afr Entomol 13:71–83
Nuñez MA, Dickie IA (2014) Invasive belowground mutualists of woody plants. Biol Invasions
16:645–661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-013-0612-y
Olckers T (2011) Biological control of Leucaena leucocephala (Fabaceae) in South Africa: a tale of
opportunism, seed feeders and unanswered questions. Afr Entomol 19:356–365. https://doi.org/
10.4001/003.019.0219
Ollerton J, Winfree R, Tarrant S (2011) How many flowering plants are pollinated by animals?
Oikos 120:321–326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18644.x
Ollerton J, Watts S, Connerty S et al (2012) Pollination ecology of the invasive tree tobacco
Nicotiana glauca: comparisons across native and non-native ranges. J Pollinat Ecol 9:85–95.
https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2012)12
Parker MA (2001) Mutualism as a constraint on invasion success for legumes and rhizobia. Divers
Distrib 7:125–136. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-4642.2001.00103.x
Pauw A (2013) Can pollination niches facilitate plant coexistence? Trends Ecol Evol 28:30–37.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.07.019
Pauw A, Stanway R (2015) Unrivalled specialization in a pollination network from South Africa
reveals that specialization increases with latitude only in the Southern Hemisphere. J Biogeogr
42:652–661. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12453
Phillips RD, Steinmeyer F, Menz MHM et al (2014) Changes in the composition and behaviour of a
pollinator guild with plant population size and the consequences for plant fecundity. Funct Ecol
28:846–856. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12237
Phiri EE, McGeoch MA, Chown SL (2009) Spatial variation in structural damage to a keystone
plant species in the sub-Antarctic: interactions between Azorella selago and invasive house
mice. Antarct Sci 21:189–196. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102008001569
Post DM, Palkovacs EP (2009) Eco-evolutionary feedbacks in community and ecosystem ecology:
interactions between the ecological theater and the evolutionary play. Philos Trans R Soc B
364:1629–1640. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0012
Potgieter LJ, Douwes E, Gaertner M et al (2020) Biological invasions in South Africa’s urban
ecosystems: patterns, processes, impacts and management. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J,
Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer,
Berlin, pp 273–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_11
Prenter J, MacNeil C, Dick JTA et al (2004) Roles of parasites in invasions. Trends Ecol Evol
19:385–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.05.002
Procheş S, Wilson JRU, Richardson DM et al (2008) Herbivores, but not other insects, are scarce on
alien plants. Austral Ecol 33:691–700. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01836.x
Pyšek P, Pergl J, Essl F et al (2017) Naturalized alien flora of the world: species diversity,
taxonomic and phylogenetic patterns, geographic distribution and global hotspots of plant
invasion. Preslia 89:203–274. https://doi.org/10.23855/preslia.2017.203
Ramanand H, Olckers T (2013) Does height of exposure in the canopy influence egg mortality in
Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent of
Leucaena leucocephala in South Africa? Biocontrol Sci Technol 23:545–554. https://doi.org/
10.1080/09583157.2013.790344
Rambuda TD, Johnson SD (2004) Breeding systems of invasive alien plants in South Africa: does
Baker’s rule apply? Divers Distrib 10:409–416. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.
00100.x
Rejmánek M (1996) A theory of seed plant invasiveness: the first sketch. Biol Conserv 78:171–181
Richardson DM, Pyšek P (2012) Naturalization of introduced plants: ecological drivers of biogeographic patterns. New Phytol 196:383–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04292.x
Richardson DM, van Wilgen BW (2004) Invasive alien plants in South Africa: how well do we
understand the ecological impacts? Working for water. S Afr J Sci 100:45–52
Richardson DM, Williams PA, Hobbs RJ (1994) Pine invasions in the Southern Hemisphere:
determinants of spread and invasibility. J Biogeogr 21:511–527. https://doi.org/10.2307/
2845655
14 Biotic Interactions as Mediators of Biological Invasions
423