Kearney M, Porter W (2009) Mechanistic niche modelling: combining physiological and spatial
data to predict species’ ranges. Ecol Lett 12:334–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.
2008.01277.x
Kraaij T, van Wilgen BW (2014) Drivers, ecology, and management of fire in fynbos. In:
Allsopp N, Colville JF, Verboom GA (eds) Fynbos: ecology, evolution, and conservation of a
megadiverse region. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 48–72
Lamont BB, Le Maitre DC, Cowling RM, Enright NJ (1991) Canopy seed storage in woody-plants.
Bot Rev 57:277–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02858770
Le Maitre DC, Versfeld DB, Chapman RA (2000) The impact of invading alien plants on surface
water reources in South Africa: a preliminary assessment. Water SA 26:397–408
Le Maitre DC, Thuiller W, Schonegevel L (2008) Developing an approach to defining the potential
distributions of invasive plant species: a case study of Hakea species in South Africa. Glob Ecol
Biogeogr 17:569–584. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00407.x
Le Maitre DC, Kotzee IM, O’Farrell PJ (2014) Impacts of land-cover change on the water flow
regulation ecosystem service: invasive alien plants, fire and their policy implications. Land Use
Policy 36:171–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.07.007
Lesnikowski AC, Ford JD, Berrang-Ford L, Barrera M, Heymann J (2015) How are we adapting to
climate change? A global assessment. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang 20:277–293. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s11027-013-9491-x
Lubcker N, Zengeya TA, Dabrowski J, Robertson MP (2014) Predicting the potential distribution of
invasive silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix in South Africa. Afr J Aquat Sci 39:157–165.
https://doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2014.926856
Manders PT, Richardson DM (1992) Colonization of Cape fynbos communities by forest components. For Ecol Manag 48:277–293
Martinez S, Mollicone D (2012) From land cover to land use: a methodology to assess land use from
remote sensing data. Remote Sens 4:1024–1045. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4041024
McConnachie AJ et al (2011) Current and potential geographical distribution of the invasive plant
Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae) in eastern and southern Africa. Weed Res 51:71–84.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2010.00820.x
McLean P, Gallien L, Wilson JRU, Gaertner M, Richardson DM (2017) Small urban centres as
launching sites for plant invasions in natural areas: insights from South Africa. Biol Invasions
19:3541–3556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1600-4
McLean P, Wilson JRU, Gaertner M, Kritzinger-Klopper S, Richardson DM (2018) The distribution and status of alien plants in a small South African town. S Afr J Bot 117:71–78. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.02.392
Measey J, Hui C, Somers M (2020) Terrestrial vertebrate invasions in South Africa. In: van Wilgen
BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in
South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 113–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_5
Meek CS, Richardson DM, Mucina L (2010) A river runs through it: land-use and the composition
of vegetation along a riparian corridor in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. Biol Conserv
143:156–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.09.021
Meissner HH, Scholtz MM, Palmer AR (2013) Sustainability of the South African Livestock Sector
towards 2050 Part 1: worth and impact of the sector. S Afr J Anim Sci 43:282–297. https://doi.
org/10.4314/sajas.v43i3.5
Milewski AV, Mills AJ (2010) Does life consistently maximise energy intensity? Biol Rev
85:859–879. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00131.x
Milewski AV, Mills AJ (2015) Why was the Highveld treeless? Looking laterally to the Pampas for
global edaphic principles beyond biogeographical accidents. S Afr J Bot 101:98–106. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.05.019
Mills AJ, Allen JL (2018) Searching for David within the Goliath of alien woody plant invasions in
the Western Cape Province. S Afr J Sci 114(8–10). https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2018/a0285
Mills AJ et al (2013a) Constraint on woody cover in relation to nutrient content of soils in western
southern Africa. Oikos 122:136–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20417.x
13 The Role of Environmental Factors in Promoting and Limiting Invasions
381
data to predict species’ ranges. Ecol Lett 12:334–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.
2008.01277.x
Kraaij T, van Wilgen BW (2014) Drivers, ecology, and management of fire in fynbos. In:
Allsopp N, Colville JF, Verboom GA (eds) Fynbos: ecology, evolution, and conservation of a
megadiverse region. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 48–72
Lamont BB, Le Maitre DC, Cowling RM, Enright NJ (1991) Canopy seed storage in woody-plants.
Bot Rev 57:277–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02858770
Le Maitre DC, Versfeld DB, Chapman RA (2000) The impact of invading alien plants on surface
water reources in South Africa: a preliminary assessment. Water SA 26:397–408
Le Maitre DC, Thuiller W, Schonegevel L (2008) Developing an approach to defining the potential
distributions of invasive plant species: a case study of Hakea species in South Africa. Glob Ecol
Biogeogr 17:569–584. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00407.x
Le Maitre DC, Kotzee IM, O’Farrell PJ (2014) Impacts of land-cover change on the water flow
regulation ecosystem service: invasive alien plants, fire and their policy implications. Land Use
Policy 36:171–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.07.007
Lesnikowski AC, Ford JD, Berrang-Ford L, Barrera M, Heymann J (2015) How are we adapting to
climate change? A global assessment. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang 20:277–293. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s11027-013-9491-x
Lubcker N, Zengeya TA, Dabrowski J, Robertson MP (2014) Predicting the potential distribution of
invasive silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix in South Africa. Afr J Aquat Sci 39:157–165.
https://doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2014.926856
Manders PT, Richardson DM (1992) Colonization of Cape fynbos communities by forest components. For Ecol Manag 48:277–293
Martinez S, Mollicone D (2012) From land cover to land use: a methodology to assess land use from
remote sensing data. Remote Sens 4:1024–1045. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4041024
McConnachie AJ et al (2011) Current and potential geographical distribution of the invasive plant
Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae) in eastern and southern Africa. Weed Res 51:71–84.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2010.00820.x
McLean P, Gallien L, Wilson JRU, Gaertner M, Richardson DM (2017) Small urban centres as
launching sites for plant invasions in natural areas: insights from South Africa. Biol Invasions
19:3541–3556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1600-4
McLean P, Wilson JRU, Gaertner M, Kritzinger-Klopper S, Richardson DM (2018) The distribution and status of alien plants in a small South African town. S Afr J Bot 117:71–78. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.02.392
Measey J, Hui C, Somers M (2020) Terrestrial vertebrate invasions in South Africa. In: van Wilgen
BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in
South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 113–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_5
Meek CS, Richardson DM, Mucina L (2010) A river runs through it: land-use and the composition
of vegetation along a riparian corridor in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. Biol Conserv
143:156–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.09.021
Meissner HH, Scholtz MM, Palmer AR (2013) Sustainability of the South African Livestock Sector
towards 2050 Part 1: worth and impact of the sector. S Afr J Anim Sci 43:282–297. https://doi.
org/10.4314/sajas.v43i3.5
Milewski AV, Mills AJ (2010) Does life consistently maximise energy intensity? Biol Rev
85:859–879. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00131.x
Milewski AV, Mills AJ (2015) Why was the Highveld treeless? Looking laterally to the Pampas for
global edaphic principles beyond biogeographical accidents. S Afr J Bot 101:98–106. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.05.019
Mills AJ, Allen JL (2018) Searching for David within the Goliath of alien woody plant invasions in
the Western Cape Province. S Afr J Sci 114(8–10). https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2018/a0285
Mills AJ et al (2013a) Constraint on woody cover in relation to nutrient content of soils in western
southern Africa. Oikos 122:136–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20417.x
13 The Role of Environmental Factors in Promoting and Limiting Invasions
381