Herms DA, McCullough DG (2014) Emerald ash borer invasion of North America: history,
biology, ecology, impacts, and management. Annu Rev Entomol 59:13–30. https://doi.org/10.
1146/annurev-ento-011613-162051
Hill MP, Moran VC, Hoffmann JH et al (2020) More than a century of biological control against
invasive alien plants in South Africa: a synoptic view of what has been accomplished. In: van
Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in
South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 549–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_19
Hurley BP, Slippers B, Wingfield MJ (2007) A comparison of control results for the alien invasive
woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, in the southern hemisphere. Agric For Entomol 9:159–171. https://
doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-9563.2007.00340.x
Janion C, Leinaas HP, Terblanche JS et al (2010) Trait means and reaction norms: The consequences of climate change/invasion interactions at the organism level. Evol Ecol 24:1365–1380.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-010-9405-2
Janion-Scheepers C, Measey J, Braschler B et al (2016) Soil biota in a megadiverse country: current
knowledge and future research directions in South Africa. Pedobiologia 59:129–175. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2016.03.004
Janion-Scheepers C, Phillips L, Sgrò CM et al (2018) Basal resistance enhances warming tolerance
of alien over indigenous species across latitude. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115:145–150. https://
doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1715598115
Karsten M, Addison P, Jansen van Vuuren B et al (2016) Investigating population differentiation in
a major African agricultural pest: evidence from geometric morphometrics and connectivity
suggests high invasion potential. Mol Ecol 25:3019–3032. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13646
Kenis M, Auger-Rozenberg MA, Roques A et al (2009) Ecological effects of invasive alien insects.
Biol Invasions 11:21–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-008-9318-y
Klein H (2011) A catalogue of the insects, mites and pathogens that have been used or rejected, or
are under consideration, for the biological control of invasive alien plants in South Africa. Afr
Entomol 19:515–549. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.019.0214
Koch RL, Galvan TL (2008) Bad side of a good beetle: the North American experience with
Harmonia axyridis. BioControl 53:23–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-007-9121-1
Kumschick S, Devenish A, Kenis M et al (2016) Intentionally introduced terrestrial invertebrates:
patterns, risks, and options for management. Biol Invasions 18:1077–1088. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s10530-016-1086-5
Le Roux JJ, Clusella-Trullas S, Mokotjomela TM et al (2020) Biotic interactions as mediators of
biological invasions: Insights from South Africa. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM,
Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 385–
428. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_14
Lubke RA (1985) Erosion of the beach at St Francis Bay, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Biol Conserv
32:99–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(85)90080-1
McCullough DG, Work TT, Cavey JF et al (2006) Interceptions of nonindigenous plant pests at US
ports of entry and border crossings over a 17-year period. Biol Invasions 8:611–630. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s10530-005-1798-4
Minnaar IA, Shinner R, van Noort S et al (2014) New records of the parasitic wasp Dinocampus
coccinellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its hosts in South Africa. Afr Entomol 22:226–230.
https://doi.org/10.4001/003.022.0124
Moran VC, Hoffmann JH, Zimmermann HG (2013) 100 years of biological control of invasive
alien plants in South Africa: History, practice and achievements. S Afr J Sci 109(9/10):1–6.
https://doi.org/10.1590/sajs.2013/a0022
Nofemela RS, Kfir R (2005) The role of parasitoids in suppressing Diamond Back moth, Plutella
xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), populations on unsprayed cabbage in the North West
Province of South Africa. Afr Entomol 13:71–83
Nxele TC (2012) The megadrile fauna (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of Queen Elizabeth Park,
South Africa: species composition and distribution within different vegetation types. Afr
Invertebr 53:543–558. https://doi.org/10.5733/afin.053.0207
7 Alien Terrestrial Invertebrates in South Africa
203
biology, ecology, impacts, and management. Annu Rev Entomol 59:13–30. https://doi.org/10.
1146/annurev-ento-011613-162051
Hill MP, Moran VC, Hoffmann JH et al (2020) More than a century of biological control against
invasive alien plants in South Africa: a synoptic view of what has been accomplished. In: van
Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in
South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 549–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_19
Hurley BP, Slippers B, Wingfield MJ (2007) A comparison of control results for the alien invasive
woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, in the southern hemisphere. Agric For Entomol 9:159–171. https://
doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-9563.2007.00340.x
Janion C, Leinaas HP, Terblanche JS et al (2010) Trait means and reaction norms: The consequences of climate change/invasion interactions at the organism level. Evol Ecol 24:1365–1380.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-010-9405-2
Janion-Scheepers C, Measey J, Braschler B et al (2016) Soil biota in a megadiverse country: current
knowledge and future research directions in South Africa. Pedobiologia 59:129–175. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2016.03.004
Janion-Scheepers C, Phillips L, Sgrò CM et al (2018) Basal resistance enhances warming tolerance
of alien over indigenous species across latitude. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115:145–150. https://
doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1715598115
Karsten M, Addison P, Jansen van Vuuren B et al (2016) Investigating population differentiation in
a major African agricultural pest: evidence from geometric morphometrics and connectivity
suggests high invasion potential. Mol Ecol 25:3019–3032. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13646
Kenis M, Auger-Rozenberg MA, Roques A et al (2009) Ecological effects of invasive alien insects.
Biol Invasions 11:21–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-008-9318-y
Klein H (2011) A catalogue of the insects, mites and pathogens that have been used or rejected, or
are under consideration, for the biological control of invasive alien plants in South Africa. Afr
Entomol 19:515–549. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.019.0214
Koch RL, Galvan TL (2008) Bad side of a good beetle: the North American experience with
Harmonia axyridis. BioControl 53:23–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-007-9121-1
Kumschick S, Devenish A, Kenis M et al (2016) Intentionally introduced terrestrial invertebrates:
patterns, risks, and options for management. Biol Invasions 18:1077–1088. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s10530-016-1086-5
Le Roux JJ, Clusella-Trullas S, Mokotjomela TM et al (2020) Biotic interactions as mediators of
biological invasions: Insights from South Africa. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM,
Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 385–
428. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_14
Lubke RA (1985) Erosion of the beach at St Francis Bay, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Biol Conserv
32:99–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(85)90080-1
McCullough DG, Work TT, Cavey JF et al (2006) Interceptions of nonindigenous plant pests at US
ports of entry and border crossings over a 17-year period. Biol Invasions 8:611–630. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s10530-005-1798-4
Minnaar IA, Shinner R, van Noort S et al (2014) New records of the parasitic wasp Dinocampus
coccinellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its hosts in South Africa. Afr Entomol 22:226–230.
https://doi.org/10.4001/003.022.0124
Moran VC, Hoffmann JH, Zimmermann HG (2013) 100 years of biological control of invasive
alien plants in South Africa: History, practice and achievements. S Afr J Sci 109(9/10):1–6.
https://doi.org/10.1590/sajs.2013/a0022
Nofemela RS, Kfir R (2005) The role of parasitoids in suppressing Diamond Back moth, Plutella
xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), populations on unsprayed cabbage in the North West
Province of South Africa. Afr Entomol 13:71–83
Nxele TC (2012) The megadrile fauna (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of Queen Elizabeth Park,
South Africa: species composition and distribution within different vegetation types. Afr
Invertebr 53:543–558. https://doi.org/10.5733/afin.053.0207
7 Alien Terrestrial Invertebrates in South Africa
203