Rouget M, Richardson DM (2003a) Inferring process from pattern in alien plant invasions: a
semimechanistic model incorporating propagule pressure and environmental factors. Am Nat
162:713–724. https://doi.org/10.1086/379204
Rouget M, Richardson DM (2003b) Understanding patterns of plant invasion at different spatial
scales: quantifying the roles of environment and propagule pressure. In: Child LE, Brock JH,
Brundu G et al (eds) Plant invasions: ecological threats and management solutions. Backhuys,
Leiden, pp 3–15
Rouget M, Richardson DM, Nel JA et al (2002) Commercially-important trees as invasive aliens –
towards spatially explicit risk assessment at a national scale. Biol Invasions 4:397–412
Rouget M, Richardson DM, Nel JL et al (2004) Mapping the potential spread of major plant
invaders in South Africa using climatic suitability. Divers Distrib 10:475–484. https://doi.org/
10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00118.x
Rouget M, Hui C, Renteria J et al (2015) Plant invasions as a biogeographical assay: vegetation
biomes constrain the distribution of invasive alien species assemblages. S Afr J Bot 101:24–31.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.04.009
Rouget M, Robertson MP, Wilson JRU et al (2016) Invasion debt—quantifying future biological
invasions. Divers Distrib 22:445–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12408
Rundel PW, Dickie IE, Richardson DM (2014) Tree invasions into treeless areas: mechanisms
and ecosystem processes. Biol Invasions 16:663–675. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-0130614-9
Rutherford MC (1997) Categorization of biomes. In: Cowling RM, Richardson DM, Pierce SM
(eds) Vegetation of Southern Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 91–98
Shackleton RT, Novoa A, Shackleton CM et al (2020) The social dimensions of biological
invasions in South Africa. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya
TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 697–726. https://doi.org/10.
1007/978-3-030-32394-3_24
Terblanche C, Nänni I, Kaplan H et al (2016) An approach to the development of a national strategy
for controlling invasive alien plant species: the case of Parthenium hysterophorus in
South Africa. Bothalia 46:a2053. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v46i1.2053
Thuiller W, Richardson DM, Rouget M et al (2006) Interactions between environment, species
traits, and human uses describe patterns of plant invasions. Ecology 87:1755–1769. https://doi.
org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[1755:IBESTA]2.0.CO;2
van den Berg EC, Kotze I, Beukes H (2013) Detection, quantification and monitoring of Prosopis in
the Northern Cape Province of South Africa using remote sensing and GIS. S Afr J Geomatics
2:68–81
van Wilgen BW, Richardson DM (2012) Three centuries of managing introduced conifers in
South Africa: benefits, impacts, changing perceptions and conflict resolution. J Environ
Manag 106:56–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.03.052
van Wilgen BW, Wilson JR (eds) (2018) The status of biological invasions and their management in
South Africa in 2017. S Afr Nat Biodiv Inst, Cape Town and DST-NRF Cent Excel Invas Biol,
Stellenbosch
Van Wilgen BW, Carruthers J, Cowling RM et al (2016) Ecological research and conservation
management in the Cape Floristic Region between 1945 and 2015: history, current understanding and future challenges. Trans R Soc S Afr 71:207–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/0035919X.
2016.1225607
van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (2020a) Biological invasions
in South Africa: an overview. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR,
Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 3–30. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_1
van Wilgen BW, Wilson JR, Wannenburgh A et al (2020b) The extent and effectiveness of
alien plant control projects in South Africa. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM,
Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp
593–624. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_21
3 The Biogeography of South African Terrestrial Plant Invasions
95
semimechanistic model incorporating propagule pressure and environmental factors. Am Nat
162:713–724. https://doi.org/10.1086/379204
Rouget M, Richardson DM (2003b) Understanding patterns of plant invasion at different spatial
scales: quantifying the roles of environment and propagule pressure. In: Child LE, Brock JH,
Brundu G et al (eds) Plant invasions: ecological threats and management solutions. Backhuys,
Leiden, pp 3–15
Rouget M, Richardson DM, Nel JA et al (2002) Commercially-important trees as invasive aliens –
towards spatially explicit risk assessment at a national scale. Biol Invasions 4:397–412
Rouget M, Richardson DM, Nel JL et al (2004) Mapping the potential spread of major plant
invaders in South Africa using climatic suitability. Divers Distrib 10:475–484. https://doi.org/
10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00118.x
Rouget M, Hui C, Renteria J et al (2015) Plant invasions as a biogeographical assay: vegetation
biomes constrain the distribution of invasive alien species assemblages. S Afr J Bot 101:24–31.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.04.009
Rouget M, Robertson MP, Wilson JRU et al (2016) Invasion debt—quantifying future biological
invasions. Divers Distrib 22:445–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12408
Rundel PW, Dickie IE, Richardson DM (2014) Tree invasions into treeless areas: mechanisms
and ecosystem processes. Biol Invasions 16:663–675. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-0130614-9
Rutherford MC (1997) Categorization of biomes. In: Cowling RM, Richardson DM, Pierce SM
(eds) Vegetation of Southern Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 91–98
Shackleton RT, Novoa A, Shackleton CM et al (2020) The social dimensions of biological
invasions in South Africa. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya
TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 697–726. https://doi.org/10.
1007/978-3-030-32394-3_24
Terblanche C, Nänni I, Kaplan H et al (2016) An approach to the development of a national strategy
for controlling invasive alien plant species: the case of Parthenium hysterophorus in
South Africa. Bothalia 46:a2053. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v46i1.2053
Thuiller W, Richardson DM, Rouget M et al (2006) Interactions between environment, species
traits, and human uses describe patterns of plant invasions. Ecology 87:1755–1769. https://doi.
org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[1755:IBESTA]2.0.CO;2
van den Berg EC, Kotze I, Beukes H (2013) Detection, quantification and monitoring of Prosopis in
the Northern Cape Province of South Africa using remote sensing and GIS. S Afr J Geomatics
2:68–81
van Wilgen BW, Richardson DM (2012) Three centuries of managing introduced conifers in
South Africa: benefits, impacts, changing perceptions and conflict resolution. J Environ
Manag 106:56–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.03.052
van Wilgen BW, Wilson JR (eds) (2018) The status of biological invasions and their management in
South Africa in 2017. S Afr Nat Biodiv Inst, Cape Town and DST-NRF Cent Excel Invas Biol,
Stellenbosch
Van Wilgen BW, Carruthers J, Cowling RM et al (2016) Ecological research and conservation
management in the Cape Floristic Region between 1945 and 2015: history, current understanding and future challenges. Trans R Soc S Afr 71:207–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/0035919X.
2016.1225607
van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (2020a) Biological invasions
in South Africa: an overview. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR,
Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 3–30. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_1
van Wilgen BW, Wilson JR, Wannenburgh A et al (2020b) The extent and effectiveness of
alien plant control projects in South Africa. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM,
Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp
593–624. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_21
3 The Biogeography of South African Terrestrial Plant Invasions
95