Province. Cultivation of this fungus in liquid GYM medium led to the isolation of
three mycotoxins, aluminiumneoaspergillin (567), zirconiumneoaspergillin (568),
and aspergilliamide (569). Zirconiumneoaspergillin (568) was the first reported
zirconium complex obtained from Nature. Aluminiumneoaspergillin (567) and
zirconiumneoaspergillin (568) displayed brine shrimp lethality with LC 50 values of
6.6 and 10.8 μM, respectively [167].
From the gorgonian Muricella flexuosa collected from Sanya, Hainan Province,
two fungal strains Penicillium citrinum SCSGAF 0052 and Aspergillus sclerotiorum
SCSGAF 0053 were obtained. Co-culture of these two fungi in liquid glucosestarch-peptone medium yielded a oxadiazin derivative sclerotiorumin C (570), a
pyrrole derivative 1-(4-benzyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)ethanone (571), and two complexes
of
neoaspergillic
acid
aluminiumneohydroxyaspergillin
(572)
and
ferrineohydroxyaspergillin (573). Sclerotiorumin C (570) was the first natural
1,2,4-oxadiazin-6-one. Aluminiumneohydroxyaspergillin (572) exhibited selective
cytotoxicity against the U937 human histiocytic lymphoma cell line (IC 50 , 4.2 μM)
and toxicity toward brine shrimp (LC 50 6.1 μM) (Fig. 33) [65].
8 Shikimate-Derived Compounds
The fungus Aspergillus terreus OUCMDZ-1925 was obtained from the viscera of
the fish Chelon haematocheilus from the Yellow River Delta. Fermentation of this
fungus in liquid glucose yeast extract medium furnished rubrolides R and S (574 and
575) (Fig. 34). Rubrolide R (574) showed weak antioxidative activity (IC 50 1.3 mM)
with regard to ABTS radicals compared to those of two postive controls including
trolox (IC 50 2.0 mM ) and ascorbic acid (IC 50 2.9 mM). Rubrolide S (575) exhibited
somewhat more potent anti-influenza A (H 1 N 1 ) activity (IC 50 value of 87.1 μM ) than
the positive control ribavirin (IC 50 value of 118.8 μM ). Both rubrolides R and S (574
and 575) displayed cytotoxicity against the K562 cell line with IC 50 values of 12.8
and 10.9 μM, respectively [177]. A further strain of Aspergillus terreus coded
SCSGAF0162 was obtained from the tissue of the gorgonian Echinogorgia
aurantiaca collected from Sanya, Hainan Province. Fermentation of this fungus in
liquid yeast extract medium gave aspernolide E (576) [56], whereas cultivation on
solid rice medium yielded isobutyrolactones V and II (577 and 578).
Isobutyrolactone II (578) showed antiviral activity toward HSV-1 virus with an
IC 50 value of 21.8 μg/cm
3 , stronger than that of the positive control acyclovir (IC 50
value of 34.5 μg/cm
3 ) [82].
The butenolides butyrolactone IX (579) and aspulvinone O (580) were isolated
from the PDB medium fermentation of Paecilomyces variotii EN-291, an endophyte
obtained from the red alga Grateloupia turuturu collected from the coast of
Qingdao [178].
From the inner tissue of the sponge Phakellia fusca collected from Yongxing
Island, two fungal strains Aspergillus versicolor 16F-11 and Hypocrea koningii
PF04 were obtained. When cultivated in liquid PDB medium, A. versicolor yielded
134
Z. Liu et al.
three mycotoxins, aluminiumneoaspergillin (567), zirconiumneoaspergillin (568),
and aspergilliamide (569). Zirconiumneoaspergillin (568) was the first reported
zirconium complex obtained from Nature. Aluminiumneoaspergillin (567) and
zirconiumneoaspergillin (568) displayed brine shrimp lethality with LC 50 values of
6.6 and 10.8 μM, respectively [167].
From the gorgonian Muricella flexuosa collected from Sanya, Hainan Province,
two fungal strains Penicillium citrinum SCSGAF 0052 and Aspergillus sclerotiorum
SCSGAF 0053 were obtained. Co-culture of these two fungi in liquid glucosestarch-peptone medium yielded a oxadiazin derivative sclerotiorumin C (570), a
pyrrole derivative 1-(4-benzyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)ethanone (571), and two complexes
of
neoaspergillic
acid
aluminiumneohydroxyaspergillin
(572)
and
ferrineohydroxyaspergillin (573). Sclerotiorumin C (570) was the first natural
1,2,4-oxadiazin-6-one. Aluminiumneohydroxyaspergillin (572) exhibited selective
cytotoxicity against the U937 human histiocytic lymphoma cell line (IC 50 , 4.2 μM)
and toxicity toward brine shrimp (LC 50 6.1 μM) (Fig. 33) [65].
8 Shikimate-Derived Compounds
The fungus Aspergillus terreus OUCMDZ-1925 was obtained from the viscera of
the fish Chelon haematocheilus from the Yellow River Delta. Fermentation of this
fungus in liquid glucose yeast extract medium furnished rubrolides R and S (574 and
575) (Fig. 34). Rubrolide R (574) showed weak antioxidative activity (IC 50 1.3 mM)
with regard to ABTS radicals compared to those of two postive controls including
trolox (IC 50 2.0 mM ) and ascorbic acid (IC 50 2.9 mM). Rubrolide S (575) exhibited
somewhat more potent anti-influenza A (H 1 N 1 ) activity (IC 50 value of 87.1 μM ) than
the positive control ribavirin (IC 50 value of 118.8 μM ). Both rubrolides R and S (574
and 575) displayed cytotoxicity against the K562 cell line with IC 50 values of 12.8
and 10.9 μM, respectively [177]. A further strain of Aspergillus terreus coded
SCSGAF0162 was obtained from the tissue of the gorgonian Echinogorgia
aurantiaca collected from Sanya, Hainan Province. Fermentation of this fungus in
liquid yeast extract medium gave aspernolide E (576) [56], whereas cultivation on
solid rice medium yielded isobutyrolactones V and II (577 and 578).
Isobutyrolactone II (578) showed antiviral activity toward HSV-1 virus with an
IC 50 value of 21.8 μg/cm
3 , stronger than that of the positive control acyclovir (IC 50
value of 34.5 μg/cm
3 ) [82].
The butenolides butyrolactone IX (579) and aspulvinone O (580) were isolated
from the PDB medium fermentation of Paecilomyces variotii EN-291, an endophyte
obtained from the red alga Grateloupia turuturu collected from the coast of
Qingdao [178].
From the inner tissue of the sponge Phakellia fusca collected from Yongxing
Island, two fungal strains Aspergillus versicolor 16F-11 and Hypocrea koningii
PF04 were obtained. When cultivated in liquid PDB medium, A. versicolor yielded
134
Z. Liu et al.