parahaemolyticus with MIC values of 2.0 and 16.0 μg/cm
3 , respectively, comparable to those of the positive control, chloromycetin, having MIC values of 4.0 and
2.0 μg/cm
3 , respectively [89]. Fermentation in liquid GPY medium of Aspergillus
niger EN-13, as isolated from the marine brown alga Colpomenia sinuosa collected
in Qingdao, resulted in the purification of a naphthoquinoneimine derivative,
5,7-dihydroxy-2-[1-(4-methoxy-6-oxo-6H-pyran-2-yl)-2-phenylethylamino]-[1,4]
naphthoquinone (537). Compound 537 exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans with an inhibitory zone of 10 mm at a dose of 20 μg/well
[166]. Ochratoxin A n-butyl ester (538) was isolated from the liquid GYM medium
fermentation of Aspergillus sp. SCSGAF0093 obtained from the gorgonian
Melitodes squamata collected from the South China Sea near Sanya City, Hainan
Province. In the brine shrimp lethality assay, ochratoxin A n-butyl ester (538)
showed activity with an LC 50 value of 4.1 μM (Fig. 31) [167].
7.4 Other Alkaloids
The fungal strain Aspergillus sp. Z-4 was derived from the gut of the marine isopod
Ligia oceanica collected at the seaside at Dinghai in Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province.
Cultivation of this fungus in liquid 2216E medium yielded three aspochalasin
derivatives, aspochalasin V (539) (Fig. 32), aspochalasin W (540), and
aspochalazine A (541). Aspochalasins V and W (539 and 540) were the first
examples of methylthio-substituted aspochalasin, while aspochalazine A (541) was
the first reported aspochalasin derivative with an azabicyclo ring system.
Aspochalasin V (539) exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against the PC3 and
HCT116 prostate cancer cell lines with IC 50 values of 30.4 and 39.2 μM
[168, 169]. The sponge Phakellia fusca collected from Xisha Islands yielded
Arthrinium arundinis ZSDS1-F3. Cultivation of this fungus in liquid medium
composed of sorbitol, maltose, MSG, and yeast extract led to the isolation of three
4-hydroxy-2-pyridone alkaloids, arthpyrones AÀC (542–544). Arthpyrone C (544)
exhibited significant AChE inhibitory activity with an IC 50 value of 0.8 μM [170].
Pseurotins A 1 and A 2 (545 and 546) were obtained from the liquid GYM medium
fermentation of Aspergillus fumigatus WFZ-25, a holothurian-derived fungus from
Stichopus japonicus collected from Lingshan Island, Qingdao [171]. Pseurotins A 3
and G (547 and 548) were isolated from the liquid PDB medium cultivation of
Phoma sp. NTOU 4195 that was obtained from the red alga Pterocladiella
capillacea sampled in the intertidal zone of northern Taiwan. Pseurotin G (548)
displayed antiangiogenic activity in human endothelial progenitor cells with an IC 50
value of 16.7 μM [90].
Eight isoindolinone-type alkaloids, chartarutines AÀH (549–556), were isolated
from the solid rice medium fermentation of Stachybotrys chartarum WGC-25C-6, a
sponge-derived fungus obtained from Niphates recondite collected from the inner
coral reef in Beibuwan Bay, Guangxi Province. Chartarutines B, G, and H (550, 555,
and 556) exhibited significant inhibitory effects against HIV replication in a
Secondary Metabolites from Marine-Derived Fungi from China
131
3 , respectively, comparable to those of the positive control, chloromycetin, having MIC values of 4.0 and
2.0 μg/cm
3 , respectively [89]. Fermentation in liquid GPY medium of Aspergillus
niger EN-13, as isolated from the marine brown alga Colpomenia sinuosa collected
in Qingdao, resulted in the purification of a naphthoquinoneimine derivative,
5,7-dihydroxy-2-[1-(4-methoxy-6-oxo-6H-pyran-2-yl)-2-phenylethylamino]-[1,4]
naphthoquinone (537). Compound 537 exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans with an inhibitory zone of 10 mm at a dose of 20 μg/well
[166]. Ochratoxin A n-butyl ester (538) was isolated from the liquid GYM medium
fermentation of Aspergillus sp. SCSGAF0093 obtained from the gorgonian
Melitodes squamata collected from the South China Sea near Sanya City, Hainan
Province. In the brine shrimp lethality assay, ochratoxin A n-butyl ester (538)
showed activity with an LC 50 value of 4.1 μM (Fig. 31) [167].
7.4 Other Alkaloids
The fungal strain Aspergillus sp. Z-4 was derived from the gut of the marine isopod
Ligia oceanica collected at the seaside at Dinghai in Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province.
Cultivation of this fungus in liquid 2216E medium yielded three aspochalasin
derivatives, aspochalasin V (539) (Fig. 32), aspochalasin W (540), and
aspochalazine A (541). Aspochalasins V and W (539 and 540) were the first
examples of methylthio-substituted aspochalasin, while aspochalazine A (541) was
the first reported aspochalasin derivative with an azabicyclo ring system.
Aspochalasin V (539) exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against the PC3 and
HCT116 prostate cancer cell lines with IC 50 values of 30.4 and 39.2 μM
[168, 169]. The sponge Phakellia fusca collected from Xisha Islands yielded
Arthrinium arundinis ZSDS1-F3. Cultivation of this fungus in liquid medium
composed of sorbitol, maltose, MSG, and yeast extract led to the isolation of three
4-hydroxy-2-pyridone alkaloids, arthpyrones AÀC (542–544). Arthpyrone C (544)
exhibited significant AChE inhibitory activity with an IC 50 value of 0.8 μM [170].
Pseurotins A 1 and A 2 (545 and 546) were obtained from the liquid GYM medium
fermentation of Aspergillus fumigatus WFZ-25, a holothurian-derived fungus from
Stichopus japonicus collected from Lingshan Island, Qingdao [171]. Pseurotins A 3
and G (547 and 548) were isolated from the liquid PDB medium cultivation of
Phoma sp. NTOU 4195 that was obtained from the red alga Pterocladiella
capillacea sampled in the intertidal zone of northern Taiwan. Pseurotin G (548)
displayed antiangiogenic activity in human endothelial progenitor cells with an IC 50
value of 16.7 μM [90].
Eight isoindolinone-type alkaloids, chartarutines AÀH (549–556), were isolated
from the solid rice medium fermentation of Stachybotrys chartarum WGC-25C-6, a
sponge-derived fungus obtained from Niphates recondite collected from the inner
coral reef in Beibuwan Bay, Guangxi Province. Chartarutines B, G, and H (550, 555,
and 556) exhibited significant inhibitory effects against HIV replication in a
Secondary Metabolites from Marine-Derived Fungi from China
131