Fermentation of S. chartarum on solid rice medium produced four trichothecenebased sesquiterpenes, chartarenes AÀD (348–351). These compounds were tested
against a panel of human cancer cell lines (HCT-116, HepG2, BGC-823,
NCI-H1655, and A2780) and exhibited potent cytotoxicity against most of these
cell lines with IC 50 values ranging from 0.6 to 10 μM. Chartarene B (349) was
selectively cytotoxic to HCT-116 cells with an IC 50 value of 5.6 μM [107]. Aromatic
bisabolane derivatives were reported from a strain of Aspergillus sp. that was
isolated from the inner tissue of the sponge Xestospongia testudinaria collected
from the Weizhou coral reef in the South China Sea. The broth of liquid GPY
medium fermentation yielded four bisabolane sesquiterpenes (352–355) and three
dimers, disydonols AÀC (356–358). Compounds 352–355 were tested for their
antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus albus, Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus,
Sarcina lutea, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus tetragenus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus,
and V. anguillarum. Each compound showed activity against one or several strains
with MIC values between 1.3 and 20.0 μM. Disydonols A and C (356 and 358)
exhibited cytotoxicity against the HepG-2 human hepatoma and Caski human
cervical cell lines, with IC 50 values of 19.1 and 25.5 μM and 6.0 and 21.0 μM,
respectively (Fig. 19) [108, 109].
4.2 Diterpenes
The fungal strain Trichoderma citrinoviride cf-27 was isolated from the marine
brown alga Dictyopteris prolifera collected from Zhoushan. Fermentation of
T. citrinoviride on solid rice medium yielded a diterpene, trichocitrin (359)
(Fig. 20). In an antibacterial disk diffusion assay, trichocitrin (359) exhibited an
8 mm inhibition zone against Escherichia coli at a concentration of 20 μg/disk.
Furthermore, it showed 54.1% growth inhibition against the microalga
Prorocentrum donghaiense at a concentration of 80 μg/cm
3 [19]. Seven antranone
diterpenes (360–366) were obtained from a solid rice culture of Stachybotrys
chartarum 952, isolated from the crinoid Himerometra magnipinna collected in
the Zhanjiang Mangrove National Nature Reserve [110].
Two cyclopiane diterpenes, conidiogenones H and I (367 and 368), were isolated
from solid rice fermentation of Penicillium chrysogenum QEN-24S, a fungus
obtained from the inner tissue of the marine red alga Laurencia sp. collected from
Weizhou Island in the South China Sea [111]. From the liquid GPY medium
fermentation of Epicoccum sp. isolated from the sea cucumber Apostichopus
japonicus, one isopimarane diterpene (369) and three pimarane diterpenes (370–
372) were isolated. Compound 369 exhibited α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with
an IC 50 value of 4.6 μM, while 370 showed cytotoxicity against the KB and KBv200
human cancer cell lines with IC 50 values of 10.1 and 6.8 μM, respectively
[112, 113]. A strain of Trichoderma erinaceum was isolated from the inner tissue
of the starfish Acanthaster planci collected from Sanya National Coral Reef Reserve.
Liquid GPY medium fermentation of this fungus yielded a diterpene lactone,
Secondary Metabolites from Marine-Derived Fungi from China
113
against a panel of human cancer cell lines (HCT-116, HepG2, BGC-823,
NCI-H1655, and A2780) and exhibited potent cytotoxicity against most of these
cell lines with IC 50 values ranging from 0.6 to 10 μM. Chartarene B (349) was
selectively cytotoxic to HCT-116 cells with an IC 50 value of 5.6 μM [107]. Aromatic
bisabolane derivatives were reported from a strain of Aspergillus sp. that was
isolated from the inner tissue of the sponge Xestospongia testudinaria collected
from the Weizhou coral reef in the South China Sea. The broth of liquid GPY
medium fermentation yielded four bisabolane sesquiterpenes (352–355) and three
dimers, disydonols AÀC (356–358). Compounds 352–355 were tested for their
antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus albus, Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus,
Sarcina lutea, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus tetragenus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus,
and V. anguillarum. Each compound showed activity against one or several strains
with MIC values between 1.3 and 20.0 μM. Disydonols A and C (356 and 358)
exhibited cytotoxicity against the HepG-2 human hepatoma and Caski human
cervical cell lines, with IC 50 values of 19.1 and 25.5 μM and 6.0 and 21.0 μM,
respectively (Fig. 19) [108, 109].
4.2 Diterpenes
The fungal strain Trichoderma citrinoviride cf-27 was isolated from the marine
brown alga Dictyopteris prolifera collected from Zhoushan. Fermentation of
T. citrinoviride on solid rice medium yielded a diterpene, trichocitrin (359)
(Fig. 20). In an antibacterial disk diffusion assay, trichocitrin (359) exhibited an
8 mm inhibition zone against Escherichia coli at a concentration of 20 μg/disk.
Furthermore, it showed 54.1% growth inhibition against the microalga
Prorocentrum donghaiense at a concentration of 80 μg/cm
3 [19]. Seven antranone
diterpenes (360–366) were obtained from a solid rice culture of Stachybotrys
chartarum 952, isolated from the crinoid Himerometra magnipinna collected in
the Zhanjiang Mangrove National Nature Reserve [110].
Two cyclopiane diterpenes, conidiogenones H and I (367 and 368), were isolated
from solid rice fermentation of Penicillium chrysogenum QEN-24S, a fungus
obtained from the inner tissue of the marine red alga Laurencia sp. collected from
Weizhou Island in the South China Sea [111]. From the liquid GPY medium
fermentation of Epicoccum sp. isolated from the sea cucumber Apostichopus
japonicus, one isopimarane diterpene (369) and three pimarane diterpenes (370–
372) were isolated. Compound 369 exhibited α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with
an IC 50 value of 4.6 μM, while 370 showed cytotoxicity against the KB and KBv200
human cancer cell lines with IC 50 values of 10.1 and 6.8 μM, respectively
[112, 113]. A strain of Trichoderma erinaceum was isolated from the inner tissue
of the starfish Acanthaster planci collected from Sanya National Coral Reef Reserve.
Liquid GPY medium fermentation of this fungus yielded a diterpene lactone,
Secondary Metabolites from Marine-Derived Fungi from China
113