with an LC 50 value of 65 μM [54]. Aspergilones A and B (115 and 116), two novel
benzylazaphilone derivatives, were isolated from the GPY seawater liquid medium
fermentation of Aspergillus sp., as obtained from the gorgonian Dichotella
gemmacea collected in the South China Sea. Aspergilone A (115) exhibited cytotoxicity against HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells with an IC 50 value of
8.2 μM, but showed weak cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma and A-549 human lung carcinoma cell lines with IC 50 values of 64 and
95 μM [55].
The fungal strain Xylariaceae sp. SCSGAF0086 was obtained from the gorgonian
Melitodes squamata collected from the South China Sea. Fermentation of
Xylariaceae sp. in liquid PDB medium yielded four polyketides, penicitrinol F
(117), 7-carboxypenicitrinol C (118), 2,6-dihydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-3-(3-oxo-1butenyl) benzoic acid (119), and 8-methoxy-1-naphthyl 6
0 -O-acetyl-βglucopyranoside (120) [56]. Five aromatic polyketides, communols CÀG (121–
125), were obtained from the liquid GPY medium fermentation of Penicillium
commune 518, a marine-derived fungus isolated from the gorgonian Muricella
abnormalis collected from Danzhou, Hainan Province. Communol D (122)
represented the first naturally occurring aromatic polyketide with a sulfoxide
group from marine fungi. Communol F (124) was active in an antimicrobial test
against Escherichia coli with an MIC value of 6.4 μM (Fig. 7) [28].
The fungus Emericella variecolor XSA-07-2 was obtained from the marine
sponge Cinachyrella sp., which was collected from Yongxing Island in the South
China Sea. The solid rice culture of E. variecolor yielded five polyketide derivatives,
varioxiranols
AÀE
(126–130)
(Fig.
8)
[57].
(S)-Dihydro-5-[(S)hydroxyphenylmethyl]-2(3H )-furanone (131) was obtained from the GPY liquid
medium fermentation of Simplicillium sp. YZ-11, which was isolated from the
sponge Hymeniacidon perleve collected from Dalian, Liaoning Province [58]. The
fungus Pestalotiopsis heterocornis XWS03F09 was obtained from the sponge
Phakellia fusca, as collected from the Xisha Islands, Hainan Province. The solid
rice culture of this fungus yielded five polyketide derivatives, heterocornols AÀE
(132–136) [59]. Ten resorcinol derivatives, hansfordiols A–J (137–146), were
isolated from the solid rice medium fermentation of Hansfordia sinuosae WGCA23-3A, a fungus derived from the sponge Niphates sp. collected from the South
China Sea (Fig. 8) [60].
From the inner tissue of the starfish Acanthaster planci collected from the Hainan
Sanya National Coral Reef Reserve, three fungal strains, Pseudallescheria boydii,
Neosartorya pseudofischeri, and Trichoderma sp., were obtained. The GPY liquid
culture of P. boydii yielded two isobenzofuranone derivatives, pseudaboydins A and
B (147 and 148) (Fig. 9). Pseudaboydin A (147) showed weak cytotoxicity against
the HONE1 human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line, the SUNE1 human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line, and the GLC82 human glandular lung cancer cell
line, with IC 50 values of 37.1, 46.5, and 87.2 μM, respectively [61]. The sea saltcontaining GPY liquid medium cultivation of N. pseudofischeri gave 5-formyl-6hydroxy-8-isopropyl-2-naphthoic acid (149) [19].
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Z. Liu et al.
benzylazaphilone derivatives, were isolated from the GPY seawater liquid medium
fermentation of Aspergillus sp., as obtained from the gorgonian Dichotella
gemmacea collected in the South China Sea. Aspergilone A (115) exhibited cytotoxicity against HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells with an IC 50 value of
8.2 μM, but showed weak cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma and A-549 human lung carcinoma cell lines with IC 50 values of 64 and
95 μM [55].
The fungal strain Xylariaceae sp. SCSGAF0086 was obtained from the gorgonian
Melitodes squamata collected from the South China Sea. Fermentation of
Xylariaceae sp. in liquid PDB medium yielded four polyketides, penicitrinol F
(117), 7-carboxypenicitrinol C (118), 2,6-dihydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-3-(3-oxo-1butenyl) benzoic acid (119), and 8-methoxy-1-naphthyl 6
0 -O-acetyl-βglucopyranoside (120) [56]. Five aromatic polyketides, communols CÀG (121–
125), were obtained from the liquid GPY medium fermentation of Penicillium
commune 518, a marine-derived fungus isolated from the gorgonian Muricella
abnormalis collected from Danzhou, Hainan Province. Communol D (122)
represented the first naturally occurring aromatic polyketide with a sulfoxide
group from marine fungi. Communol F (124) was active in an antimicrobial test
against Escherichia coli with an MIC value of 6.4 μM (Fig. 7) [28].
The fungus Emericella variecolor XSA-07-2 was obtained from the marine
sponge Cinachyrella sp., which was collected from Yongxing Island in the South
China Sea. The solid rice culture of E. variecolor yielded five polyketide derivatives,
varioxiranols
AÀE
(126–130)
(Fig.
8)
[57].
(S)-Dihydro-5-[(S)hydroxyphenylmethyl]-2(3H )-furanone (131) was obtained from the GPY liquid
medium fermentation of Simplicillium sp. YZ-11, which was isolated from the
sponge Hymeniacidon perleve collected from Dalian, Liaoning Province [58]. The
fungus Pestalotiopsis heterocornis XWS03F09 was obtained from the sponge
Phakellia fusca, as collected from the Xisha Islands, Hainan Province. The solid
rice culture of this fungus yielded five polyketide derivatives, heterocornols AÀE
(132–136) [59]. Ten resorcinol derivatives, hansfordiols A–J (137–146), were
isolated from the solid rice medium fermentation of Hansfordia sinuosae WGCA23-3A, a fungus derived from the sponge Niphates sp. collected from the South
China Sea (Fig. 8) [60].
From the inner tissue of the starfish Acanthaster planci collected from the Hainan
Sanya National Coral Reef Reserve, three fungal strains, Pseudallescheria boydii,
Neosartorya pseudofischeri, and Trichoderma sp., were obtained. The GPY liquid
culture of P. boydii yielded two isobenzofuranone derivatives, pseudaboydins A and
B (147 and 148) (Fig. 9). Pseudaboydin A (147) showed weak cytotoxicity against
the HONE1 human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line, the SUNE1 human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line, and the GLC82 human glandular lung cancer cell
line, with IC 50 values of 37.1, 46.5, and 87.2 μM, respectively [61]. The sea saltcontaining GPY liquid medium cultivation of N. pseudofischeri gave 5-formyl-6hydroxy-8-isopropyl-2-naphthoic acid (149) [19].
96
Z. Liu et al.