788 Modern Food Microbiology
V. harveyi, 234, 261, 526
V. hollisae, 461, 660, 664
TDH-related hemolysin, 664
V. marinus, 439
V. mimicus, 461, 660
bioassay, 293
V. parahaemolyticus, 7–8, 324, 481, 671
alarm level, 114
a w growth minimum, 46, 658–659
BHA inhibition, 322
bioassays, 286, 291–294
D value (thermal), 659
gastroenteritis. See vibriosis.
growth, 398, 657–659
heat stressed, 232
HHP destruction, 461–462
ileal loop response, 286–287
irradiation, 383
Kanagawa reaction, 659
pH growth range, 40, 657–658
sorbate effects, 304
seafoods, 111, 114
toxin. See thermostable direct hemolysin.
viable but nonculturable, 233
virulence mechanisms, 525, 537, 659–660
V. vulnificus, 408, 657–658, 660, 663–664
bacteriophages, 341, 664
bioassay, 286
HHP sensitivity, 461
PCR detection, 261
phages, 488, 531
seafoods, 114
sigma factors, 529
viable but nonculturable, 233
Vibriosis (V. parahaemolyticus), 657–661
prevention, 671–672
USA estimated cases, 521
Vinegar eels, 696
Virgibacillus spp., 21, 424
Virulence, defined, 536
Viruses, 727–731
adeno-, 381
African swine fever, 728
astro-, 111, 144, 525
calici-, 730
chlorine effects, 730
coliphages, 487–489
coxsackie, 114, 379–381, 728
cytomegalo-, 461
ECHO, 114, 379, 381, 728–729
enteric, 728–729
foot-and-mouth, 729
fresh produce, 144, 730
Hawaii, 731
noro-, 111, 114, 144, 730–731
cruise ship outbreaks, 730
hepatitis A, 144, 379, 381, 488, 575, 727, 729–730
hog cholera, 728–729
HPP effects, 461–462
Norwalk, 427, 730
hepatitis B, 114, 525
herpes, 381, 461
chlorine resistance, 730
polio, 488, 727–729
rota-, 111, 114, 462, 525, 731, 729–730
radiation D values, 374, 379–381
sindbis, 461
small, round structured. See noro-.
U.S. foodborne cases, 520–521, 729
Voges-Proskauer test, 477
Vogesella spp., 16, 749
Volatile fatty acids, 474
Volatile reducing substances, 118
W
Wagatsuma’s agar, 659
Wallemia spp., 17, 31
W. sebi, 31
Water, bottled, 210–211
Water activity. See a w .
Wautersia spp., 16, 25
Weissella spp., 17, 19, 24, 26–27, 65, 102, 110, 150,
152–153
W. cibaria, 152, 179
W. confusa, 27, 152
W. halotolerans, 27, 152
W. hellenica, 27, 152
W. kandleri, 27, 152
W. kimchii, 152
W. koreensis, 153
W. minor, 27, 153
W. paramesenteroides, 27, 153
W. thailandensis, 153
W. viridescens, 27, 118, 153, 398
greening of wieners, 104–105, 107, 109
seafoods, 110
Wertheimer, J., 5
Whaleworm. See Anisakis simplex.
Whey, defined, 156
Whirl-Pak bags, 353
“Whiskers” of beef, 30, 79
V. harveyi, 234, 261, 526
V. hollisae, 461, 660, 664
TDH-related hemolysin, 664
V. marinus, 439
V. mimicus, 461, 660
bioassay, 293
V. parahaemolyticus, 7–8, 324, 481, 671
alarm level, 114
a w growth minimum, 46, 658–659
BHA inhibition, 322
bioassays, 286, 291–294
D value (thermal), 659
gastroenteritis. See vibriosis.
growth, 398, 657–659
heat stressed, 232
HHP destruction, 461–462
ileal loop response, 286–287
irradiation, 383
Kanagawa reaction, 659
pH growth range, 40, 657–658
sorbate effects, 304
seafoods, 111, 114
toxin. See thermostable direct hemolysin.
viable but nonculturable, 233
virulence mechanisms, 525, 537, 659–660
V. vulnificus, 408, 657–658, 660, 663–664
bacteriophages, 341, 664
bioassay, 286
HHP sensitivity, 461
PCR detection, 261
phages, 488, 531
seafoods, 114
sigma factors, 529
viable but nonculturable, 233
Vibriosis (V. parahaemolyticus), 657–661
prevention, 671–672
USA estimated cases, 521
Vinegar eels, 696
Virgibacillus spp., 21, 424
Virulence, defined, 536
Viruses, 727–731
adeno-, 381
African swine fever, 728
astro-, 111, 144, 525
calici-, 730
chlorine effects, 730
coliphages, 487–489
coxsackie, 114, 379–381, 728
cytomegalo-, 461
ECHO, 114, 379, 381, 728–729
enteric, 728–729
foot-and-mouth, 729
fresh produce, 144, 730
Hawaii, 731
noro-, 111, 114, 144, 730–731
cruise ship outbreaks, 730
hepatitis A, 144, 379, 381, 488, 575, 727, 729–730
hog cholera, 728–729
HPP effects, 461–462
Norwalk, 427, 730
hepatitis B, 114, 525
herpes, 381, 461
chlorine resistance, 730
polio, 488, 727–729
rota-, 111, 114, 462, 525, 731, 729–730
radiation D values, 374, 379–381
sindbis, 461
small, round structured. See noro-.
U.S. foodborne cases, 520–521, 729
Voges-Proskauer test, 477
Vogesella spp., 16, 749
Volatile fatty acids, 474
Volatile reducing substances, 118
W
Wagatsuma’s agar, 659
Wallemia spp., 17, 31
W. sebi, 31
Water, bottled, 210–211
Water activity. See a w .
Wautersia spp., 16, 25
Weissella spp., 17, 19, 24, 26–27, 65, 102, 110, 150,
152–153
W. cibaria, 152, 179
W. confusa, 27, 152
W. halotolerans, 27, 152
W. hellenica, 27, 152
W. kandleri, 27, 152
W. kimchii, 152
W. koreensis, 153
W. minor, 27, 153
W. paramesenteroides, 27, 153
W. thailandensis, 153
W. viridescens, 27, 118, 153, 398
greening of wieners, 104–105, 107, 109
seafoods, 110
Wertheimer, J., 5
Whaleworm. See Anisakis simplex.
Whey, defined, 156
Whirl-Pak bags, 353
“Whiskers” of beef, 30, 79