Viruses and Some Other Proven and Suspected Foodborne Biohazards 743
43. Gilbert, R.J., G. Hobbs, G.K. Murray, J.G. Cruickshank, and S.E.J. Young. 1980. Scombrotoxic fish poisoning: Features
of the first 50 incidents to be reported in Britain (1976–1979). Br. Med. J. 281:71–72.
44. Gill, T.A., J.W. Thompson, and S. Gould. 1985. Thermal resistance of paralytic shellfish poison in soft-shell clams. J.
Food Protect. 48:659–662.
45. Gray, M., B. Wawrik, J. Paul, and E. Casper. 2003. Molecular detection and quantitation of the red tide dinoflagellate
Karenia brevis in the marine environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:5726–5730.
46. Hazen, T.C., C.B. Fliermans, R.P. Hirsch, and G.W. Esch 1978. Prevalence and distribution of Aeromonas hydrophila in
the United States. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36:731–738.
47. Hejkal, T.W., and C.P. Gerba. 1981. Uptake and survival of enteric viruses in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Appl.
Environ. Microbiol. 41:207–211.
48. Herrmann, J.E., and D.O. Cliver. 1973. Enterovirus persistence in sausage and ground beef. J. Milk Food Technol. 36:426–
428.
49. Hopkins, R.S., G.B. Gaspard, F.P. Williams, Jr., R.J. Karlin, G. Cukor, and N.R. Blacklow. 1984. A community waterborne
gastroenteritis outbreak: Evidence for rotavirus as the agent. Am. J. Public Health 74:263–265.
50. Hudson, S.H., and W.D. Brown. 1978. Histamine (?) toxicity from fish products. Adv. Food Res. 24:113–154.
51. Hwang, D.-F., S.-H. Chang, C.-Y. Shiau, and C.-C. Cheng. 1995. Biogenic amines in the flesh of sailfish (Istiophorus
platypterus) responsible for scombroid poisoning. J. Food Sci. 60:926–928.
52. Isonhood, J.H., and M. Drake. 2002. Aeromonas species in foods. J. Food Protect. 65:575–582.
53. Jaykus, L.-A., R. de Leon, and M.D. Sobsey. 1996. A virion concentration method for detection of human enteric viruses
in oysters by PCR and oligoprobe hybridization. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:2074–2080.
54. Kanai, Y., H. Hayashidani, K.-I. Kaneko, M. Ogawa, T. Takahashi, and M. Nakamura. 1997. Occurrence of zoonotic
bacteria in retail game meat in Japan with special reference to Erysipelothrix. J. Food Protect. 60:328–331.
55. Kanki, M., T. Yoda, T. Tsukamoto, and T. Shibata. 2002. Klebsiella pneumoniae produces no histamine: Raoultella
planticola and Raoultella ornithinolytica strains are histamine producers. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:3462–3466.
56. Kaper, J.B., H. Lockman, R.R. Colwell, and S.W. Joseph. 1981. Aeromonas hydrophila: Ecology and toxigenicity on
isolates from an estuary. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 50:359–377.
57. Kaplan, J.E., R. Feldman, D.S. Campbell, C. Lookabaugh, and G.W. Gary. 1982. The frequency of a Norwalk-like pattern
of illness in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. Am. J. Public Health 72:1329–1332.
58. Keswick, B.H., T.K. Satterwhite, P.C. Johnson, H.L. DuPont, S.L. Secor, J.A. Bitsura, G.W. Gary, and J.C. Hoff. 1985.
Inactivation of Norwalk virus in drinking water by chlorine. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50:261–264.
59. Kim, S.-H., B. Ben-Gigirey, J. Barros-Vel´ azquez, R.J. Price, and H. An. 2000. Histamine and biogenic amine production
by Morganella morganii isolated from temperature-abused albacore. J. Food Protect. 63:244–251.
60. Klipstein, F.A., and R.F. Engert. 1976. Purification and properties of Klebsiella pneumoniae heat-stable enterotoxin.
Infect. Immun. 13:373–381.
61. Klipstein, F.A., and R.F. Engert. 1976. Partial purification and properties of Enterobacter cloacae heat-stable enterotoxin.
Infect. Immun. 13:1307–1314.
62. Konowalchuk, J., and J.I. Speirs. 1975. Survival of enteric viruses on fresh vegetables. J. Milk Food Technol. 38:469–472.
63. Konowalchuk, J., and J.I. Speirs. 1975. Survival of enteric viruses on fresh fruit. J. Milk Food Technol. 38:598–600.
64. Kostenbader, K.D., Jr., and D.O. Cliver. 1977. Quest for viruses associated with our food supply. J. Food Sci. 42:1253–1257,
1268.
65. Kuritsky, J.N., M.T. Osterholm, J.A. Korlath, K.E. White, and J.E. Kaplan. 1985. A statewide assessment of the role of
Norwalk virus in outbreaks of food-borne gastroenteritis. J. Infect. Dis. 151:568.
66. Landry, E.F., J.M. Vaughn, T.J. Vicale, and R. Mann. 1982. Inefficient accumulation of low levels of monodispersed and
feces-associated poliovirus in oysters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44:1362–1369.
67. Larkin, E.P. 1981. Food contaminants—Viruses. J. Food Protect. 44:320–325.
68. Lehane, L., and R.J. Lewis. 2000. Ciguatera: recent advances but the risk remains. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 61:91–125.
69. Leira, F.J., J.M. Vieites, L.M. Botana, and M.R. Vyeites. 1998. Domoic acid levels of naturally contaminated scallops as
affected by canning. J. Food Sci. 63:1081–1083.
70. Lundgren, O., A. t. Peregrin, K. Persson, S. Kordasti, I. Uhnoo, and L. Svensson. 2000. Role of the enteric nervous system
in the fluid and electrolyte secretion of rotavirus diarrhea. Science 287:491–495.
43. Gilbert, R.J., G. Hobbs, G.K. Murray, J.G. Cruickshank, and S.E.J. Young. 1980. Scombrotoxic fish poisoning: Features
of the first 50 incidents to be reported in Britain (1976–1979). Br. Med. J. 281:71–72.
44. Gill, T.A., J.W. Thompson, and S. Gould. 1985. Thermal resistance of paralytic shellfish poison in soft-shell clams. J.
Food Protect. 48:659–662.
45. Gray, M., B. Wawrik, J. Paul, and E. Casper. 2003. Molecular detection and quantitation of the red tide dinoflagellate
Karenia brevis in the marine environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:5726–5730.
46. Hazen, T.C., C.B. Fliermans, R.P. Hirsch, and G.W. Esch 1978. Prevalence and distribution of Aeromonas hydrophila in
the United States. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36:731–738.
47. Hejkal, T.W., and C.P. Gerba. 1981. Uptake and survival of enteric viruses in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Appl.
Environ. Microbiol. 41:207–211.
48. Herrmann, J.E., and D.O. Cliver. 1973. Enterovirus persistence in sausage and ground beef. J. Milk Food Technol. 36:426–
428.
49. Hopkins, R.S., G.B. Gaspard, F.P. Williams, Jr., R.J. Karlin, G. Cukor, and N.R. Blacklow. 1984. A community waterborne
gastroenteritis outbreak: Evidence for rotavirus as the agent. Am. J. Public Health 74:263–265.
50. Hudson, S.H., and W.D. Brown. 1978. Histamine (?) toxicity from fish products. Adv. Food Res. 24:113–154.
51. Hwang, D.-F., S.-H. Chang, C.-Y. Shiau, and C.-C. Cheng. 1995. Biogenic amines in the flesh of sailfish (Istiophorus
platypterus) responsible for scombroid poisoning. J. Food Sci. 60:926–928.
52. Isonhood, J.H., and M. Drake. 2002. Aeromonas species in foods. J. Food Protect. 65:575–582.
53. Jaykus, L.-A., R. de Leon, and M.D. Sobsey. 1996. A virion concentration method for detection of human enteric viruses
in oysters by PCR and oligoprobe hybridization. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:2074–2080.
54. Kanai, Y., H. Hayashidani, K.-I. Kaneko, M. Ogawa, T. Takahashi, and M. Nakamura. 1997. Occurrence of zoonotic
bacteria in retail game meat in Japan with special reference to Erysipelothrix. J. Food Protect. 60:328–331.
55. Kanki, M., T. Yoda, T. Tsukamoto, and T. Shibata. 2002. Klebsiella pneumoniae produces no histamine: Raoultella
planticola and Raoultella ornithinolytica strains are histamine producers. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:3462–3466.
56. Kaper, J.B., H. Lockman, R.R. Colwell, and S.W. Joseph. 1981. Aeromonas hydrophila: Ecology and toxigenicity on
isolates from an estuary. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 50:359–377.
57. Kaplan, J.E., R. Feldman, D.S. Campbell, C. Lookabaugh, and G.W. Gary. 1982. The frequency of a Norwalk-like pattern
of illness in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. Am. J. Public Health 72:1329–1332.
58. Keswick, B.H., T.K. Satterwhite, P.C. Johnson, H.L. DuPont, S.L. Secor, J.A. Bitsura, G.W. Gary, and J.C. Hoff. 1985.
Inactivation of Norwalk virus in drinking water by chlorine. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50:261–264.
59. Kim, S.-H., B. Ben-Gigirey, J. Barros-Vel´ azquez, R.J. Price, and H. An. 2000. Histamine and biogenic amine production
by Morganella morganii isolated from temperature-abused albacore. J. Food Protect. 63:244–251.
60. Klipstein, F.A., and R.F. Engert. 1976. Purification and properties of Klebsiella pneumoniae heat-stable enterotoxin.
Infect. Immun. 13:373–381.
61. Klipstein, F.A., and R.F. Engert. 1976. Partial purification and properties of Enterobacter cloacae heat-stable enterotoxin.
Infect. Immun. 13:1307–1314.
62. Konowalchuk, J., and J.I. Speirs. 1975. Survival of enteric viruses on fresh vegetables. J. Milk Food Technol. 38:469–472.
63. Konowalchuk, J., and J.I. Speirs. 1975. Survival of enteric viruses on fresh fruit. J. Milk Food Technol. 38:598–600.
64. Kostenbader, K.D., Jr., and D.O. Cliver. 1977. Quest for viruses associated with our food supply. J. Food Sci. 42:1253–1257,
1268.
65. Kuritsky, J.N., M.T. Osterholm, J.A. Korlath, K.E. White, and J.E. Kaplan. 1985. A statewide assessment of the role of
Norwalk virus in outbreaks of food-borne gastroenteritis. J. Infect. Dis. 151:568.
66. Landry, E.F., J.M. Vaughn, T.J. Vicale, and R. Mann. 1982. Inefficient accumulation of low levels of monodispersed and
feces-associated poliovirus in oysters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44:1362–1369.
67. Larkin, E.P. 1981. Food contaminants—Viruses. J. Food Protect. 44:320–325.
68. Lehane, L., and R.J. Lewis. 2000. Ciguatera: recent advances but the risk remains. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 61:91–125.
69. Leira, F.J., J.M. Vieites, L.M. Botana, and M.R. Vyeites. 1998. Domoic acid levels of naturally contaminated scallops as
affected by canning. J. Food Sci. 63:1081–1083.
70. Lundgren, O., A. t. Peregrin, K. Persson, S. Kordasti, I. Uhnoo, and L. Svensson. 2000. Role of the enteric nervous system
in the fluid and electrolyte secretion of rotavirus diarrhea. Science 287:491–495.