Foodborne Gastroenteritis Caused by Vibrio, Yersinia, and Campylobacter Species 677
111. Sakazaki, R. 1983. Vibrio parahaemolyticus as a food-spoilage organism. In Food Microbiology, ed. A.H. Rose, 225–241.
New York: Academic Press.
112. Schiemann, D.A. 1981. An enterotoxin-negative strain of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0:3 is capable of producing
diarrhea in mice. Infect. Immun. 32:571–574.
113. Shanker, S., J.A. Rosenfield, G.R. Davey, and T.C. Sorrell. 1982. Campylobacter jejuni: Incidence in processed broilers
and biotype distribution in human and broiler isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43:1219–1220.
114. Shayegani, M., I. Deforge, D.M. McGlynn, and T. Root. 1981. Characteristics of Yersinia enterocolitica and related
species isolated from human, animal and environmental sources. J. Clin. Microbiol. 14:304–312.
115. Shirai, H., H. Ito, T. Hirayama, Y. Nakamoto, N. Nakabayashi, K. Kumagai, Y. Takeda, and M. Nishibuchi. 1990. Molecular
epidemiologic evidence for association of thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related hemolysin of Vibrio
parahaemolyticus with gastroenteritis. Infect. Immun. 58:3568–3573.
116. Smith, J.L. 2002. Campylobacter jejuni infection during pregnancy: Long-term consequences of associated bacteremia,
Guillain–Barr´ e syndrome, and reactive arthritis. J. Food Protect. 65:696–708.
117. Smitherman, R.E., C.A. Genigeorgis, and T.B. Farver. 1984. Preliminary observations on the occurrence of Campylobacter
jejuni at four California chicken ranches. J. Food Protect. 47:293–298.
118. Sperandio, V., J.A. Gir´ on, W.D. Silveira, and J.B. Kaper. 1995. The OmpU outer membrane protein, a potential adherence
factor of Vibrio cholerae. Infect. Immun. 63:4433–4438.
119. Stelma, G.N., Jr., P.L. Spaulding, A.L. Reyes, and C.H. Johnson. 1988. Production of enterotoxin by Vibrio vulnificus
isolates. J. Food Protect. 51:192–196.
120. Stern, N.J., and A.W. Kotula. 1982. Survival of Campylobacter jejuni inoculated into ground beef. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44:1150–1153.
121. Stern, N.J., M.D. Pierson, and A.W. Kotula. 1980. Effects of pH and sodium chloride on Yersinia enterocolitica growth
at room and refrigeration temperatures. J. Food Sci. 45:64–67.
122. Sulakvelidze, A., A. Kreger, A. Joseph, R.M. Robins-Browne, A. Fasang, G. Wauters, N. Harnet, L. DeTolla, and J.G.
Morris, Jr. 1999. Production of enterotoxin by Yersinia bercovieri, a recently identified Yersinia enterocolitica-like species.
Infect. Immun. 67:968–971.
123. Sun, Y., and J.D. Oliver. 1995. Hot sauce: No elimination of Vibrio vulnificus in oysters. J. Food Protect. 58:441–442.
124. Sun, Y., and J.D. Oliver. 1994. Effects of GRAS compounds on natural Vibrio vulnificus populations in oysters. J. Food
Protect. 57:921–923.
125. Swaminathan, B., M.C. Harmon, and I.J. Mehlman. 1982. Yersinia enterocolitica. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 52:151–183.
126. Takeda, T., G.B. Nair, K. Suzuki, and Y. Shimonishi. 1990. Production of a monoclonal antibody to Vibrio cholerae non-01
heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) which is cross-reactive with Yersinia enterocolitica ST. Infect. Immun. 58:2755–2759.
127. Takeda, Y. 1983. Thermostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Pharm. Ther. 19:123–146.
128. Taylor, J.L., J. Tuttle, T. Pramukul, K. O’Brien, T.J. Barrett, B. Jolbitado, Y.L. Lim, D. Vugia, J. Glenn Morris, Jr., R.V.
Tauxe, and D.M. Dwyer. 1993. An outbreak of cholera in Maryland associated with imported commercial frozen fresh
coconut milk. J. Infect. Dis. 167:1330–1335.
129. Tibana, A., M.B. Warnken, M.P. Nunes, L.D. Ricciardi, and A.L.S. Noleto. 1987. Occurrence of Yersinia species in raw
and pasteurized milk in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J. Food Protect. 50:580–583.
130. Toma, S., and L. Lafleur. 1974. Survey on the incidence of Yersinia enterocolitica infection in Canada. Appl. Microbiol.
28:469–473.
131. Twedt, R.M., J.T. Peeler, and P.L. Spaulding. 1980. Effective ileal loop dose of Kanagawa-positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40:1012–1016.
132. Twedt, R.M., P.L. Spaulding, and H.E. Hall. 1969. Morphological, cultural, biochemical, and serological comparison of
Japanese strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus with related cultures isolated in the United States. J. Bacteriol. 98:511–518.
133. Vanderzant, C., and R. Nickelson. 1972. Survival of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shrimp tissue under various environmental
conditions. Appl. Microbiol. 23:34–37.
134. Vugia, D.J., A.M. Shefer, J. Douglas, K.D. Greene, R.G. Bryant, and S.B. Werner. 1997. Cholera from raw seaweed
transported from the Philippines to California. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:284–285.
135. Walker, S.J., and A. Gilmour. 1990. Production of enterotoxin by Yersinia species isolated from milk. J. Food Protect.
53:751–754.
111. Sakazaki, R. 1983. Vibrio parahaemolyticus as a food-spoilage organism. In Food Microbiology, ed. A.H. Rose, 225–241.
New York: Academic Press.
112. Schiemann, D.A. 1981. An enterotoxin-negative strain of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0:3 is capable of producing
diarrhea in mice. Infect. Immun. 32:571–574.
113. Shanker, S., J.A. Rosenfield, G.R. Davey, and T.C. Sorrell. 1982. Campylobacter jejuni: Incidence in processed broilers
and biotype distribution in human and broiler isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43:1219–1220.
114. Shayegani, M., I. Deforge, D.M. McGlynn, and T. Root. 1981. Characteristics of Yersinia enterocolitica and related
species isolated from human, animal and environmental sources. J. Clin. Microbiol. 14:304–312.
115. Shirai, H., H. Ito, T. Hirayama, Y. Nakamoto, N. Nakabayashi, K. Kumagai, Y. Takeda, and M. Nishibuchi. 1990. Molecular
epidemiologic evidence for association of thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related hemolysin of Vibrio
parahaemolyticus with gastroenteritis. Infect. Immun. 58:3568–3573.
116. Smith, J.L. 2002. Campylobacter jejuni infection during pregnancy: Long-term consequences of associated bacteremia,
Guillain–Barr´ e syndrome, and reactive arthritis. J. Food Protect. 65:696–708.
117. Smitherman, R.E., C.A. Genigeorgis, and T.B. Farver. 1984. Preliminary observations on the occurrence of Campylobacter
jejuni at four California chicken ranches. J. Food Protect. 47:293–298.
118. Sperandio, V., J.A. Gir´ on, W.D. Silveira, and J.B. Kaper. 1995. The OmpU outer membrane protein, a potential adherence
factor of Vibrio cholerae. Infect. Immun. 63:4433–4438.
119. Stelma, G.N., Jr., P.L. Spaulding, A.L. Reyes, and C.H. Johnson. 1988. Production of enterotoxin by Vibrio vulnificus
isolates. J. Food Protect. 51:192–196.
120. Stern, N.J., and A.W. Kotula. 1982. Survival of Campylobacter jejuni inoculated into ground beef. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44:1150–1153.
121. Stern, N.J., M.D. Pierson, and A.W. Kotula. 1980. Effects of pH and sodium chloride on Yersinia enterocolitica growth
at room and refrigeration temperatures. J. Food Sci. 45:64–67.
122. Sulakvelidze, A., A. Kreger, A. Joseph, R.M. Robins-Browne, A. Fasang, G. Wauters, N. Harnet, L. DeTolla, and J.G.
Morris, Jr. 1999. Production of enterotoxin by Yersinia bercovieri, a recently identified Yersinia enterocolitica-like species.
Infect. Immun. 67:968–971.
123. Sun, Y., and J.D. Oliver. 1995. Hot sauce: No elimination of Vibrio vulnificus in oysters. J. Food Protect. 58:441–442.
124. Sun, Y., and J.D. Oliver. 1994. Effects of GRAS compounds on natural Vibrio vulnificus populations in oysters. J. Food
Protect. 57:921–923.
125. Swaminathan, B., M.C. Harmon, and I.J. Mehlman. 1982. Yersinia enterocolitica. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 52:151–183.
126. Takeda, T., G.B. Nair, K. Suzuki, and Y. Shimonishi. 1990. Production of a monoclonal antibody to Vibrio cholerae non-01
heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) which is cross-reactive with Yersinia enterocolitica ST. Infect. Immun. 58:2755–2759.
127. Takeda, Y. 1983. Thermostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Pharm. Ther. 19:123–146.
128. Taylor, J.L., J. Tuttle, T. Pramukul, K. O’Brien, T.J. Barrett, B. Jolbitado, Y.L. Lim, D. Vugia, J. Glenn Morris, Jr., R.V.
Tauxe, and D.M. Dwyer. 1993. An outbreak of cholera in Maryland associated with imported commercial frozen fresh
coconut milk. J. Infect. Dis. 167:1330–1335.
129. Tibana, A., M.B. Warnken, M.P. Nunes, L.D. Ricciardi, and A.L.S. Noleto. 1987. Occurrence of Yersinia species in raw
and pasteurized milk in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J. Food Protect. 50:580–583.
130. Toma, S., and L. Lafleur. 1974. Survey on the incidence of Yersinia enterocolitica infection in Canada. Appl. Microbiol.
28:469–473.
131. Twedt, R.M., J.T. Peeler, and P.L. Spaulding. 1980. Effective ileal loop dose of Kanagawa-positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40:1012–1016.
132. Twedt, R.M., P.L. Spaulding, and H.E. Hall. 1969. Morphological, cultural, biochemical, and serological comparison of
Japanese strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus with related cultures isolated in the United States. J. Bacteriol. 98:511–518.
133. Vanderzant, C., and R. Nickelson. 1972. Survival of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shrimp tissue under various environmental
conditions. Appl. Microbiol. 23:34–37.
134. Vugia, D.J., A.M. Shefer, J. Douglas, K.D. Greene, R.G. Bryant, and S.B. Werner. 1997. Cholera from raw seaweed
transported from the Philippines to California. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:284–285.
135. Walker, S.J., and A. Gilmour. 1990. Production of enterotoxin by Yersinia species isolated from milk. J. Food Protect.
53:751–754.