Foodborne Gastroenteritis Caused by Vibrio, Yersinia, and Campylobacter Species 675
62. Kaneko, T., and R.R. Colwell. 1973. Ecology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Chesapeake Bay. J. Bacteriol. 113:24–
32.
63. Kaper, J., H. Lockman, R.R. Colwell, and S.W. Joseph. 1979. Ecology, serology, and enterotoxin production of Vibrio
cholerae in Chesapeake Bay. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37:91–103.
64. Karaolis, D.K.R., R. Lan, and P.R. Reeves. 1995. The sixth and seventh cholera pandemics are due to independent clones
separately derived from environmental, nontoxigenic, non-01 Vibrio cholerae. J. Bacteriol. 177:3191–3198.
65. Karunsagar, I. 1981. Production of hemolysin by Vibrio parahaemolyticus in a chemically defined medium. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 41:1274–1275.
66. Karunsagar, I., S.W. Joseph, R.M. Twedt, H. Hada, and R.R. Colwell. 1984. Enhancement of Vibrio parahaemolyticus
virulence by lysed erythrocyte factor and iron. Infect. Immun. 46:141–144.
67. Kasrazedeh, M., and C. Genigeorgis. 1987. Origin and prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in ducks and duck meat at the
farm and processing plant level. J. Food Protect. 50:321–326.
68. Kelana, L.C., and M.W. Griffiths. 2003. Growth of autobioluminescent Campylobacter jejuni in response to various
environmental conditions. J. Food Protect. 66:1190–1197.
69. Kelly, M.T., and E.M. Dan Stroh. 1989. Urease-positive, Kanagawa-negative Vibrio parahaemolyticus from patients and
the environment in the Pacific Northwest. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:2820–2822.
70. Kenyon, J.E., D.R. Piexoto, B. Austin, and D.C. Gilles. 1984. Seasonal variation in numbers of Vibrio cholerae (non-01)
isolated from California coastal waters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47:1243–1245.
71. Ketley, J.M. 1997. Pathogenesis of enteric infection by Campylobacter. Microbiology 143:5–21.
72. Klipstein, F.A., and R.F. Engert. 1984. Properties of crude Campylobacter jejuni heat-labile enterotoxin. Infect. Immun.
45:314–319.
73. Klipstein, F.A., and R.F. Engert. 1985. Immunological relationship of the B subunits of Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxins. Infect. Immun. 48:629–633.
74. Kothary, M.H., and S.H. Richardson. 1987. Fluid accumulation in infant mice caused by Vibrio hollisae and its extracellular
enterotoxin. Infect. Immun. 55:626–630.
75. Lee, L.A., J. Taylor, G.P. Carter, B. Quinn, J.J. Farmer, III, R.V. Tauxe, and the Yersinia enterocolitica Collaborative
Study Group. 1991. Yersinia enterocolitica O:3: An emerging cause of pediatric gastroenteritis in the United States. The
Yersinia enterocolitica Collaborative Study Group. J. Infect. Dis. 163:660–663.
76. Lee, W.-C., M.-J. Lee, J. -S. Kim, and S.-Y. Park. 2001. Foodborne illness outbreaks in Korea and Japan studied retrospectively. J. Food Protect. 64:899–902.
77. Leistner, L., H. Hechelmann, and R. Albert. 1975. Nachweis von Yersinia enterocolitica in Faeces and Fleisch von
Schweinen, Hindern und Geflugel. Fleischwirtschaft 55:1599–1602.
78. Lindblom, G.-B., B. Kaijser, and E. Sjogren. 1989. Enterotoxin production and serogroups of Campylobacter jejuni and
Campylobacter coli from patients with diarrhea and from healthy laying hens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:1272–1276.
79. Liston, J. 1973. Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In Microbial Safety of Fishery Products, ed. C.O. Chichester and H.D. Graham,
203–213. New York: Academic Press.
80. Manninen, K.I., J.F. Prescott, and I.R. Dohoo. 1982. Pathogenicity of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from animals and
humans. Infect. Immun. 38:46–52.
81. Martinez, R.J. 1983. Plasmid-mediated and temperature-regulated surface properties of Yersinia enterocolitica. Infect.
Immun. 41:921–930.
82. Matt´ e, G.R., M.H. Matt´ e, I.G. Rivera, and M.T. Martins. 1994. Distribution of potentially pathogenic vibrios in oysters
from a tropical region. J. Food Protect. 57:870–873.
83. McCardell, B.A., J.M. Madden, and E.C. Lee. 1984. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli production of a
cytotonic toxin immunologically similar to cholera toxin. J. Food Protect. 47:943–949.
84. Miliotis, M.D., B.D. Tall, and R.T. Gray. 1995. Adherence to an invasion of tissue culture cells by Vibrio hollisae. Infect.
Immun. 63:4959–4963.
85. Miyoshi, S.-I., H. Nakazawa, K. Kawata, K.-I. Tomochika, K. Tobe,and S. Shinoda. 1998. Characterization of the hemorrhagic reaction caused by Vibrio vulnificus metalloprotease, a member of the thermolysin family. Infect. Immun. 66:4851–
4855.
86. Molenda, J.R., W.G. Johnson, M. Fishbein, B. Wentz, I.J. Mehlman, and T.A. Dadisman, Jr. 1972. Vibrio parahaemolyticus
gastroenteritis in Maryland: Laboratory aspects. Appl. Microbiol. 24:444–448.
62. Kaneko, T., and R.R. Colwell. 1973. Ecology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Chesapeake Bay. J. Bacteriol. 113:24–
32.
63. Kaper, J., H. Lockman, R.R. Colwell, and S.W. Joseph. 1979. Ecology, serology, and enterotoxin production of Vibrio
cholerae in Chesapeake Bay. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37:91–103.
64. Karaolis, D.K.R., R. Lan, and P.R. Reeves. 1995. The sixth and seventh cholera pandemics are due to independent clones
separately derived from environmental, nontoxigenic, non-01 Vibrio cholerae. J. Bacteriol. 177:3191–3198.
65. Karunsagar, I. 1981. Production of hemolysin by Vibrio parahaemolyticus in a chemically defined medium. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 41:1274–1275.
66. Karunsagar, I., S.W. Joseph, R.M. Twedt, H. Hada, and R.R. Colwell. 1984. Enhancement of Vibrio parahaemolyticus
virulence by lysed erythrocyte factor and iron. Infect. Immun. 46:141–144.
67. Kasrazedeh, M., and C. Genigeorgis. 1987. Origin and prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in ducks and duck meat at the
farm and processing plant level. J. Food Protect. 50:321–326.
68. Kelana, L.C., and M.W. Griffiths. 2003. Growth of autobioluminescent Campylobacter jejuni in response to various
environmental conditions. J. Food Protect. 66:1190–1197.
69. Kelly, M.T., and E.M. Dan Stroh. 1989. Urease-positive, Kanagawa-negative Vibrio parahaemolyticus from patients and
the environment in the Pacific Northwest. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:2820–2822.
70. Kenyon, J.E., D.R. Piexoto, B. Austin, and D.C. Gilles. 1984. Seasonal variation in numbers of Vibrio cholerae (non-01)
isolated from California coastal waters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47:1243–1245.
71. Ketley, J.M. 1997. Pathogenesis of enteric infection by Campylobacter. Microbiology 143:5–21.
72. Klipstein, F.A., and R.F. Engert. 1984. Properties of crude Campylobacter jejuni heat-labile enterotoxin. Infect. Immun.
45:314–319.
73. Klipstein, F.A., and R.F. Engert. 1985. Immunological relationship of the B subunits of Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxins. Infect. Immun. 48:629–633.
74. Kothary, M.H., and S.H. Richardson. 1987. Fluid accumulation in infant mice caused by Vibrio hollisae and its extracellular
enterotoxin. Infect. Immun. 55:626–630.
75. Lee, L.A., J. Taylor, G.P. Carter, B. Quinn, J.J. Farmer, III, R.V. Tauxe, and the Yersinia enterocolitica Collaborative
Study Group. 1991. Yersinia enterocolitica O:3: An emerging cause of pediatric gastroenteritis in the United States. The
Yersinia enterocolitica Collaborative Study Group. J. Infect. Dis. 163:660–663.
76. Lee, W.-C., M.-J. Lee, J. -S. Kim, and S.-Y. Park. 2001. Foodborne illness outbreaks in Korea and Japan studied retrospectively. J. Food Protect. 64:899–902.
77. Leistner, L., H. Hechelmann, and R. Albert. 1975. Nachweis von Yersinia enterocolitica in Faeces and Fleisch von
Schweinen, Hindern und Geflugel. Fleischwirtschaft 55:1599–1602.
78. Lindblom, G.-B., B. Kaijser, and E. Sjogren. 1989. Enterotoxin production and serogroups of Campylobacter jejuni and
Campylobacter coli from patients with diarrhea and from healthy laying hens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:1272–1276.
79. Liston, J. 1973. Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In Microbial Safety of Fishery Products, ed. C.O. Chichester and H.D. Graham,
203–213. New York: Academic Press.
80. Manninen, K.I., J.F. Prescott, and I.R. Dohoo. 1982. Pathogenicity of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from animals and
humans. Infect. Immun. 38:46–52.
81. Martinez, R.J. 1983. Plasmid-mediated and temperature-regulated surface properties of Yersinia enterocolitica. Infect.
Immun. 41:921–930.
82. Matt´ e, G.R., M.H. Matt´ e, I.G. Rivera, and M.T. Martins. 1994. Distribution of potentially pathogenic vibrios in oysters
from a tropical region. J. Food Protect. 57:870–873.
83. McCardell, B.A., J.M. Madden, and E.C. Lee. 1984. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli production of a
cytotonic toxin immunologically similar to cholera toxin. J. Food Protect. 47:943–949.
84. Miliotis, M.D., B.D. Tall, and R.T. Gray. 1995. Adherence to an invasion of tissue culture cells by Vibrio hollisae. Infect.
Immun. 63:4959–4963.
85. Miyoshi, S.-I., H. Nakazawa, K. Kawata, K.-I. Tomochika, K. Tobe,and S. Shinoda. 1998. Characterization of the hemorrhagic reaction caused by Vibrio vulnificus metalloprotease, a member of the thermolysin family. Infect. Immun. 66:4851–
4855.
86. Molenda, J.R., W.G. Johnson, M. Fishbein, B. Wentz, I.J. Mehlman, and T.A. Dadisman, Jr. 1972. Vibrio parahaemolyticus
gastroenteritis in Maryland: Laboratory aspects. Appl. Microbiol. 24:444–448.