674 Modern Food Microbiology
37. DePaola, A., J. Ulaszek, C.A. Kaysner, B.J. Tenge, J.L. Nordstrom, J. Wells, N. Puhr, and S.M. Gendel. 2003. Molecular,
serological, and virulence characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from environmental, food, and clinical
sources in North America and Asia. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:3999–4005.
38. DePaola, A., M.W. Presnell, R.E. Becker, M.L. Motes, Jr., S.R. Zywno, J.F. Musselman, J. Taylor, and L. Williams. 1984.
Distribution of Vibrio cholerae in the Apalachicola (Florida) Bay estuary. J. Food Protect. 47:549–553.
39. Doyle, M.P. 1984. Association of Campylobacter jejuni with laying hens and eggs. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47:533–536.
40. Doyle, M.P., and D.J. Roman. 1982. Prevalence and survival of Campylobacter jejuni in unpasteurized milk. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 44:1154–1158.
41. Faghri, M.A., C.L. Pennington, L.B. Cronholm, and R.M. Atlas. 1984. Bacteria associated with crabs from cold waters,
with emphasis on the occurrence of potential human pathogens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47:1054–1061.
42. Francis, D.W., P.L. Spaulding, and J. Lovett. 1980. Enterotoxin production and thermal resistance of Yersinia enterocolitica
in milk. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40:174–176.
43. Fredriksson-Ahomaa, M., T. Korte, and H. Korkeala. 2000. Contamination of carcasses, offals, and the environment with
yadA-positive Yersinia enterocolitica in a pig slaughterhouse. J. Food Protect. 63:31–35.
44. Fredriksson-Ahomaa, M., S. Hielm, and H. Korkeala. 1999. High prevalence of yadA-positive Yersinia enterocolitica in
pig tongues and minced meat at the retail level in Finland. J. Food Protect. 62:123–127.
45. Fujino, T., G. Sakaguchi, R. Sakazaki, and Y. Takeda. 1974. International Symposium on Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Tokyo:
Saikon.
46. Funk, J.A., H.F. Troutt, R.E. Isaacson, and C.P. Fossler. 1998. Prevalence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in groups
of swine at slaughter. J. Food Protect. 61:677–682.
47. Gill, C.O., and L.M. Harris. 1984. Hamburgers and broiler chickens as potential sources of human Campylobacter enteritis.
J. Food Protect. 47:96–99.
48. Guerry, P., and R.R. Colwell. 1977. Isolation of cryptic plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from Kanagawa-positive strains
of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Infect. Immun. 16:328–334.
49. Gutman, L.T., E.A. Ottesen, T.J. Quan, P.S. Noce, and S.L. Katz. 1973. An inter-familial outbreak of Yersinia enterocolitica
enteritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 288:1372–1377.
50. Hanna, M.O., J.C. Stewart, Z.L. Carpenter, and C. Vanderzant. 1977. Heat resistance of Yersinia enterocolitica in skim
milk. J. Food Sci. 42:1134, 1136.
51. Hanna, M.O., J.C. Stewart, D.L. Zink, Z.L. Carpenter, and C. Vanderzant. 1977. Development of Yersinia enterocolitica
on raw and cooked beef and pork at different temperatures. J. Food Sci. 42:1180–1184.
52. Hanna, M.O., D.L. Zink, Z.L. Carpenter, and C. Vanderzant. 1976. Yersinia enterocolitica-like organisms from vacuumpackaged beef and lamb. J Food Sci. 41:1254–1256.
53. Harmon, M.C., B. Swaminathan, and J.C. Forrest. 1984. Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica and related species from
porcine samples obtained from an abattoir. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 56:421–427.
54. Highsmith, A.K., J.C. Feeley, and G.K. Morris. 1977. Yersinia enterocolitica: A review of the bacterium and recommended
laboratory methodology. Health Lab. Sci. 14:253–260.
55. Hlady, W.G. 1997. Vibrio infections associated with raw oyster consumption in Florida, 1981–1994. J. Food Protect.
60:353–357.
56. Høi, L., J.L. Larsen, I. Dalsgaard, and A. Dalsgaard. 1998. Occurrence of Vibrio vulnificus biotypes in Danish marine
environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:7–13.
57. Honda, T., K. Goshima, Y. Takeda, Y. Sugino, and T. Miwatani. 1976. Demonstration of the cardiotoxicity of the thermostable direct hemolysin (lethal toxin) produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Infect. Immun. 13:163–171.
58. Hughes, J.M., D.G. Hollis, E.J. Gangarosa, and R.E. Weaver. 1978. Noncholera vibrio infections in the United States:
Clinical, epidemiologic and laboratory features. Ann. Intern. Med. 88:602–606.
59. Hunt, M.D., W.E. Woodard, B.H. Keswick, and H.L. Dupont 1988. Seroepidemiology of cholera in Gulf coastal Texas.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:1673–1677.
60. Islam, M.S., M.K. Hasan, M.A. Miah, M. Yunus, K. Zaman, and M.J. Albert. 1994. Isolation of Vibrio cholerae 0139
synonym Bengal from the aquatic environment in Bangladesh: Implications for disease transmission. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 60:1684–1686.
61. Kaikoku, T., M. Kawaguchi, K. Takama, and S. Suzuki. 1990. Partial purification and characterization of the enterotoxin
produced by Campylobacter jejuni. Infect. Immun. 58:2414–2419.
37. DePaola, A., J. Ulaszek, C.A. Kaysner, B.J. Tenge, J.L. Nordstrom, J. Wells, N. Puhr, and S.M. Gendel. 2003. Molecular,
serological, and virulence characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from environmental, food, and clinical
sources in North America and Asia. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:3999–4005.
38. DePaola, A., M.W. Presnell, R.E. Becker, M.L. Motes, Jr., S.R. Zywno, J.F. Musselman, J. Taylor, and L. Williams. 1984.
Distribution of Vibrio cholerae in the Apalachicola (Florida) Bay estuary. J. Food Protect. 47:549–553.
39. Doyle, M.P. 1984. Association of Campylobacter jejuni with laying hens and eggs. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47:533–536.
40. Doyle, M.P., and D.J. Roman. 1982. Prevalence and survival of Campylobacter jejuni in unpasteurized milk. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 44:1154–1158.
41. Faghri, M.A., C.L. Pennington, L.B. Cronholm, and R.M. Atlas. 1984. Bacteria associated with crabs from cold waters,
with emphasis on the occurrence of potential human pathogens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47:1054–1061.
42. Francis, D.W., P.L. Spaulding, and J. Lovett. 1980. Enterotoxin production and thermal resistance of Yersinia enterocolitica
in milk. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40:174–176.
43. Fredriksson-Ahomaa, M., T. Korte, and H. Korkeala. 2000. Contamination of carcasses, offals, and the environment with
yadA-positive Yersinia enterocolitica in a pig slaughterhouse. J. Food Protect. 63:31–35.
44. Fredriksson-Ahomaa, M., S. Hielm, and H. Korkeala. 1999. High prevalence of yadA-positive Yersinia enterocolitica in
pig tongues and minced meat at the retail level in Finland. J. Food Protect. 62:123–127.
45. Fujino, T., G. Sakaguchi, R. Sakazaki, and Y. Takeda. 1974. International Symposium on Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Tokyo:
Saikon.
46. Funk, J.A., H.F. Troutt, R.E. Isaacson, and C.P. Fossler. 1998. Prevalence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in groups
of swine at slaughter. J. Food Protect. 61:677–682.
47. Gill, C.O., and L.M. Harris. 1984. Hamburgers and broiler chickens as potential sources of human Campylobacter enteritis.
J. Food Protect. 47:96–99.
48. Guerry, P., and R.R. Colwell. 1977. Isolation of cryptic plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from Kanagawa-positive strains
of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Infect. Immun. 16:328–334.
49. Gutman, L.T., E.A. Ottesen, T.J. Quan, P.S. Noce, and S.L. Katz. 1973. An inter-familial outbreak of Yersinia enterocolitica
enteritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 288:1372–1377.
50. Hanna, M.O., J.C. Stewart, Z.L. Carpenter, and C. Vanderzant. 1977. Heat resistance of Yersinia enterocolitica in skim
milk. J. Food Sci. 42:1134, 1136.
51. Hanna, M.O., J.C. Stewart, D.L. Zink, Z.L. Carpenter, and C. Vanderzant. 1977. Development of Yersinia enterocolitica
on raw and cooked beef and pork at different temperatures. J. Food Sci. 42:1180–1184.
52. Hanna, M.O., D.L. Zink, Z.L. Carpenter, and C. Vanderzant. 1976. Yersinia enterocolitica-like organisms from vacuumpackaged beef and lamb. J Food Sci. 41:1254–1256.
53. Harmon, M.C., B. Swaminathan, and J.C. Forrest. 1984. Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica and related species from
porcine samples obtained from an abattoir. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 56:421–427.
54. Highsmith, A.K., J.C. Feeley, and G.K. Morris. 1977. Yersinia enterocolitica: A review of the bacterium and recommended
laboratory methodology. Health Lab. Sci. 14:253–260.
55. Hlady, W.G. 1997. Vibrio infections associated with raw oyster consumption in Florida, 1981–1994. J. Food Protect.
60:353–357.
56. Høi, L., J.L. Larsen, I. Dalsgaard, and A. Dalsgaard. 1998. Occurrence of Vibrio vulnificus biotypes in Danish marine
environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:7–13.
57. Honda, T., K. Goshima, Y. Takeda, Y. Sugino, and T. Miwatani. 1976. Demonstration of the cardiotoxicity of the thermostable direct hemolysin (lethal toxin) produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Infect. Immun. 13:163–171.
58. Hughes, J.M., D.G. Hollis, E.J. Gangarosa, and R.E. Weaver. 1978. Noncholera vibrio infections in the United States:
Clinical, epidemiologic and laboratory features. Ann. Intern. Med. 88:602–606.
59. Hunt, M.D., W.E. Woodard, B.H. Keswick, and H.L. Dupont 1988. Seroepidemiology of cholera in Gulf coastal Texas.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:1673–1677.
60. Islam, M.S., M.K. Hasan, M.A. Miah, M. Yunus, K. Zaman, and M.J. Albert. 1994. Isolation of Vibrio cholerae 0139
synonym Bengal from the aquatic environment in Bangladesh: Implications for disease transmission. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 60:1684–1686.
61. Kaikoku, T., M. Kawaguchi, K. Takama, and S. Suzuki. 1990. Partial purification and characterization of the enterotoxin
produced by Campylobacter jejuni. Infect. Immun. 58:2414–2419.