Foodborne Gastroenteritis Caused by Vibrio, Yersinia, and Campylobacter Species 673
12. Black, R.E., R.J. Jackson, T. Tsai, M. Medvesky, M. Shayegani, J.C. Feeley, K.I.E. MacLeod, and A.M. Wakelee.
1978. Epidemic Yersinia enterocolitica infection due to contaminated chocolate milk. N. Engl. J. Med. 298:76–
79.
13. Blake, P.A., R.E. Weaver, and D.G. Hollis. 1980. Diseases of humans (other than cholera) caused by vibrios. Ann. Rev.
Microbiol. 34:341–367.
14. Blankenship, L.C., and S.E. Craven. 1982. Campylobacter jejuni survival in chicken meat as a function of temperature.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44:88–92.
15. Blaser, M.J. 1982. Campylobacter jejuni and food. Food Technol. 36(3):89–92.
16. Blaser, M.J., P. Checko, C. Bopp, A. Bruce, and J.M. Hughes 1982. Campylobacter enteritis associated with foodborne
transmission. Am J. Epidemiol. 116:886–894.
17. Brackett, R.E. 1987. Effects of various acids on growth and survival of Yersinia enterocolitica. J. Food Protect. 50:598–601.
18. Bradshaw, J.G., D.B. Shah, A.J. Wehby, J.T. Peeler, and R.M. Twedt. 1984. Thermal inactivation of the Kanagawa
hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in buffer and shrimp. J. Food Sci. 49:183–187.
19. Brocklehurst, T.F., and B.M. Lund. 1990. The influence of pH, temperature and organic acids on the initiation of growth
of Yersinia enterocolitica. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 69:390–397.
20. Buchrieser, C., V.V. Gangar, R.L. Murphree, M.L. Tamplin, and C.W. Kasper. 1995. Multiple Vibrio vulnificus strains in
oysters as demonstrated by clamped homogeneous electric field gel electrophoresis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1163–
1168.
21. Calia, K.E., M. Murtagh, M.J. Ferraro, and S.B. Calderwood. 1994. Comparison of Vibrio cholerae 0139 with V. cholerae
01 classical and El Tor biotypes. Infect. Immun. 62:1504–1506.
22. Carter, P.B., R.J. Zahorchak, and R.R. Brubaker. 1980. Plague virulence antigens from Yersinia enterocolitica. Infect.
Immun. 28:638–640.
23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1999. Outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection associated with eating
raw oysters and clams harvested from Long Island Sound—Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York, 1998. Morb. Mortal.
Wkly. Rep. 48:48–51.
24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1998. Incidence of foodborne illnesses—FoodNet, 1997. Morb. Mortal. Wkly.
Rep. 47:782–786.
25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1998. Outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections associated with eating
raw oysters—Pacific Northwest, 1997. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 47:457–462.
26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1998. Outbreak of Campylobacter enteritis associated with crosscontamination of food—Oklahoma, 1996. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 47:129–131.
27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1996. Vibrio vulnificus infections associated with eating raw oysters—Los
Angeles, 1996. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 45:621–624.
28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1995. Cholera associated with food transported from El Salvador—Indiana,
1994. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 44:385–386.
29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1978. Waterborne Campylobacter gastroenteritis—Vermont. Morb. Mortal.
Wkly. Rep. 27:207.
30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1990. Yersinia enterocolitica infections during the holidays in black families—
Georgia. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 39:819–821.
31. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1989. Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae 01 infection acquired in Colorado. Morb.
Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 38:19–20.
32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1993. Isolation of Vibrio cholerae 01 from oysters—Mobile Bay, 1991–1992.
Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 42:91–93.
33. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1993. Vibrio vulnificus infections associated with raw oyster consumption—
Florida, 1981–1992. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 42:405–407.
34. Chan, K.-Y., M.L. Woo, L.Y. Lam, and G.L. French. 1989. Vibrio parahaemolyticus and other halophilic vibrios associated
with seafood in Hong Kong. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 66:57–64.
35. Cherwonogrodzky, J.W., and A.G. Clark. 1981. Effect of pH on the production of the Kanagawa hemolysin by Vibrio
parahaemolyticus. Infect. Immun. 34:115–119.
36. Corrales, M.T., A.E. Bainotti, and A.C. Simonetta. 1994. Survival of Vibrio cholerae 01 in common food-stuffs during
storage at different temperatures. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 18:277–280.
12. Black, R.E., R.J. Jackson, T. Tsai, M. Medvesky, M. Shayegani, J.C. Feeley, K.I.E. MacLeod, and A.M. Wakelee.
1978. Epidemic Yersinia enterocolitica infection due to contaminated chocolate milk. N. Engl. J. Med. 298:76–
79.
13. Blake, P.A., R.E. Weaver, and D.G. Hollis. 1980. Diseases of humans (other than cholera) caused by vibrios. Ann. Rev.
Microbiol. 34:341–367.
14. Blankenship, L.C., and S.E. Craven. 1982. Campylobacter jejuni survival in chicken meat as a function of temperature.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44:88–92.
15. Blaser, M.J. 1982. Campylobacter jejuni and food. Food Technol. 36(3):89–92.
16. Blaser, M.J., P. Checko, C. Bopp, A. Bruce, and J.M. Hughes 1982. Campylobacter enteritis associated with foodborne
transmission. Am J. Epidemiol. 116:886–894.
17. Brackett, R.E. 1987. Effects of various acids on growth and survival of Yersinia enterocolitica. J. Food Protect. 50:598–601.
18. Bradshaw, J.G., D.B. Shah, A.J. Wehby, J.T. Peeler, and R.M. Twedt. 1984. Thermal inactivation of the Kanagawa
hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in buffer and shrimp. J. Food Sci. 49:183–187.
19. Brocklehurst, T.F., and B.M. Lund. 1990. The influence of pH, temperature and organic acids on the initiation of growth
of Yersinia enterocolitica. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 69:390–397.
20. Buchrieser, C., V.V. Gangar, R.L. Murphree, M.L. Tamplin, and C.W. Kasper. 1995. Multiple Vibrio vulnificus strains in
oysters as demonstrated by clamped homogeneous electric field gel electrophoresis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1163–
1168.
21. Calia, K.E., M. Murtagh, M.J. Ferraro, and S.B. Calderwood. 1994. Comparison of Vibrio cholerae 0139 with V. cholerae
01 classical and El Tor biotypes. Infect. Immun. 62:1504–1506.
22. Carter, P.B., R.J. Zahorchak, and R.R. Brubaker. 1980. Plague virulence antigens from Yersinia enterocolitica. Infect.
Immun. 28:638–640.
23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1999. Outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection associated with eating
raw oysters and clams harvested from Long Island Sound—Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York, 1998. Morb. Mortal.
Wkly. Rep. 48:48–51.
24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1998. Incidence of foodborne illnesses—FoodNet, 1997. Morb. Mortal. Wkly.
Rep. 47:782–786.
25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1998. Outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections associated with eating
raw oysters—Pacific Northwest, 1997. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 47:457–462.
26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1998. Outbreak of Campylobacter enteritis associated with crosscontamination of food—Oklahoma, 1996. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 47:129–131.
27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1996. Vibrio vulnificus infections associated with eating raw oysters—Los
Angeles, 1996. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 45:621–624.
28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1995. Cholera associated with food transported from El Salvador—Indiana,
1994. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 44:385–386.
29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1978. Waterborne Campylobacter gastroenteritis—Vermont. Morb. Mortal.
Wkly. Rep. 27:207.
30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1990. Yersinia enterocolitica infections during the holidays in black families—
Georgia. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 39:819–821.
31. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1989. Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae 01 infection acquired in Colorado. Morb.
Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 38:19–20.
32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1993. Isolation of Vibrio cholerae 01 from oysters—Mobile Bay, 1991–1992.
Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 42:91–93.
33. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1993. Vibrio vulnificus infections associated with raw oyster consumption—
Florida, 1981–1992. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 42:405–407.
34. Chan, K.-Y., M.L. Woo, L.Y. Lam, and G.L. French. 1989. Vibrio parahaemolyticus and other halophilic vibrios associated
with seafood in Hong Kong. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 66:57–64.
35. Cherwonogrodzky, J.W., and A.G. Clark. 1981. Effect of pH on the production of the Kanagawa hemolysin by Vibrio
parahaemolyticus. Infect. Immun. 34:115–119.
36. Corrales, M.T., A.E. Bainotti, and A.C. Simonetta. 1994. Survival of Vibrio cholerae 01 in common food-stuffs during
storage at different temperatures. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 18:277–280.