Foodborne Gastroenteritis Caused by Escherichia coli
653
48. Lee, C.H., S.L. Moseley, H.W. Moon, S.C. Whipp, C.L. Gyles, and M. So. 1983. Characterization of the gene encoding
heat-stable toxin II and preliminary molecular epidemiological studies of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-stable toxin
II producers. Infect. Immun. 42:264–268.
49. LeJeune, J.T., T.E. Besser, D.H. Rice, J.L. Berg, R.P. Stilborn, and D.D. Hancock. 2004. Longitudinal study of fecal
shedding of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in feedlot cattle: Predominance and persistence of specific clonal types despite
massive cattle population turnover. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:377–384.
50. Leyer, G.J., L.-L. Wang, and E.A. Johnson. 1995. Acid adaptation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 increases survival in acidic
foods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:3752–3755.
51. Line, J.E., A.R. Fain, Jr., A.B. Moran, L.M. Martin, R.V. Lechowich, J.M. Carosella, and W.L. Brown. 1991. Lethality of
heat to Escherichia coli O157:H7: D-value and z-value determinations in ground beef. J. Food Protect. 54:762–766.
52. Lior, H. 1994. Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC). Dairy Food Environ. Sanit. 14:378–
382.
53. Louise, C.B., S.A. Kaye, B. Boyd, C.A. Lingwood, and T.G. Obrig. 1995. Shiga toxin-associated hemolytic uremic
syndrome: Effect of sodium butyrate on sensitivity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to Shiga toxin. Infect. Immun.
63:2766–2769.
54. Machino, H., K. Araki, S. Minami, T. Nakayama, Y. Ejima, K. Hiroe, H. Tanaka, N. Fujita, S. Usami, M. Yonekawa, K.
Sadamoto, S. Takaya, and N. Sakai. 1998. Recent outbreaks of infections caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Japan.
In Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Other Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli Strains, ed. J.B. Kaper and A.D. O’Brien, 73–81.
Washington, DC: ASM Press.
55. Marier, R., J.G. Wells, R.C. Swanson, W. Callahan, and I.J. Mehlman. 1973. An outbreak of enteropathogenic Escherichia
coli foodborne disease traced to imported French cheese. Lancet 2:1376–1378.
56. Mazaitis, A.J., R. Maas, and W.K. Maas. 1981. Structure of a naturally occurring plasmid with genes for enterotoxin
production and drug resistance. J. Bacteriol. 145:97–105.
57. Merson, M.H., F. Orskov, I. Orskov, R.B. Sack, I. Huq, and F.T. Koster. 1979. Relationship between enterotoxin production
and serotype in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 23:325–329.
58. Montenegro, M.A., M. B¨ ulte, T. Trumpf, S. Aleksic, G. Reuter, E. Bulling, and R. Helmuth. 1990. Detection and characterization of fecal verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli from healthy cattle. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:1417–1421.
59. Mundell, D.H., C.R. Anselmo, and R.M. Wishnow. 1976. Factors influencing heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin
activity. Infect. Immun. 14:383–388.
60. Neill, M.A., P.I. Tarr, D.N. Taylor, and M. Wolf. 2001. Escherichia coli. In Foodborne Disease Handbook: Diseases Caused
by Bacteria, ed. Y.H. Hui, M.D. Pierson, and J.R. Gorham, 2nd ed., 169–212. New York: Marcel Dekker.
61. O’Brien, A.D., M.R. Thompson, J.R. Cantey, and S.B. Formal. 1977. Production of Shigella dysenteriae-like toxins by
pathogenic Escherichia coli. Abstr., Amer. Soc. Microbiol. 32.
62. O’Brien, A.D., and R.K. Holmes. 1987. Shiga and Shiga-like toxins. Microbiol. Rev. 51:206–220.
63. O’Brien, A.D., V.L. Tesh, A. Donohue-Rolfe, M.P. Jackson, S. Olsnes, K. Sandvic, A.A. Lindberg, and G.T. Keusch. 1992.
Shiga toxin: Biochemistry, genetics, mode of action, and role in pathogenesis. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 180:65–
94.
64. Oelschlaeger, T.A., T.J. Barrett, and D.J. Kopecko. 1994. Some structures and processes of human epithelial cells involved
in uptake of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli 0157:H7 strains. Infect. Immun. 62:5142–5150.
65. Omisakin, F., M. MacRae, I.D. Ogden, and N.J.C. Strachan. 2003. Concentration and prevalence of Escherichia coli
0157:H7 in cattle feces at slaughter. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:2444–2447.
66. Ørskov, I., F. Ørskov, B. Jann, and K. Jann. 1977. Serology, chemistry, and genetics of O and K antigens of Escherichia
coli. Bacteriol. Rev. 41:667–710.
67. Ostroff, S.M., P.I. Tarr, M.A. Neill, J.H. Lewis, N. Hargrett-Bean, and J.M. Kobayashi. 1989. Toxin genotypes and plasmid
profiles as determinants of systemic sequelae in Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections. J. Infect. Dis. 160:994–998.
68. Palumbo, S.A., J.E. Call, F.J. Schultz, and A.C. Williams. 1995. Minimum and maximum temperatures for growth and
verotoxin production by hemorrhagic strains of Escherichia coli. J. Food Protect. 58:352–356.
69. Park, S., R.W. Worobo, and R.A. Durst. 1999. Escherichia coli 0157:H7 as an emerging foodborne pathogen: A literature
review. Crit. Rev. Fd. Sci. Nutr. 39:481–502.
70. Picken, R.N., A.J. Mazaitis, W.K. Maas, M. Rey, and H. Heyneker. 1983. Nucleotide sequence of the gene for heat-stable
enterotoxin II of Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 42:269–275.
653
48. Lee, C.H., S.L. Moseley, H.W. Moon, S.C. Whipp, C.L. Gyles, and M. So. 1983. Characterization of the gene encoding
heat-stable toxin II and preliminary molecular epidemiological studies of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-stable toxin
II producers. Infect. Immun. 42:264–268.
49. LeJeune, J.T., T.E. Besser, D.H. Rice, J.L. Berg, R.P. Stilborn, and D.D. Hancock. 2004. Longitudinal study of fecal
shedding of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in feedlot cattle: Predominance and persistence of specific clonal types despite
massive cattle population turnover. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:377–384.
50. Leyer, G.J., L.-L. Wang, and E.A. Johnson. 1995. Acid adaptation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 increases survival in acidic
foods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:3752–3755.
51. Line, J.E., A.R. Fain, Jr., A.B. Moran, L.M. Martin, R.V. Lechowich, J.M. Carosella, and W.L. Brown. 1991. Lethality of
heat to Escherichia coli O157:H7: D-value and z-value determinations in ground beef. J. Food Protect. 54:762–766.
52. Lior, H. 1994. Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC). Dairy Food Environ. Sanit. 14:378–
382.
53. Louise, C.B., S.A. Kaye, B. Boyd, C.A. Lingwood, and T.G. Obrig. 1995. Shiga toxin-associated hemolytic uremic
syndrome: Effect of sodium butyrate on sensitivity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to Shiga toxin. Infect. Immun.
63:2766–2769.
54. Machino, H., K. Araki, S. Minami, T. Nakayama, Y. Ejima, K. Hiroe, H. Tanaka, N. Fujita, S. Usami, M. Yonekawa, K.
Sadamoto, S. Takaya, and N. Sakai. 1998. Recent outbreaks of infections caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Japan.
In Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Other Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli Strains, ed. J.B. Kaper and A.D. O’Brien, 73–81.
Washington, DC: ASM Press.
55. Marier, R., J.G. Wells, R.C. Swanson, W. Callahan, and I.J. Mehlman. 1973. An outbreak of enteropathogenic Escherichia
coli foodborne disease traced to imported French cheese. Lancet 2:1376–1378.
56. Mazaitis, A.J., R. Maas, and W.K. Maas. 1981. Structure of a naturally occurring plasmid with genes for enterotoxin
production and drug resistance. J. Bacteriol. 145:97–105.
57. Merson, M.H., F. Orskov, I. Orskov, R.B. Sack, I. Huq, and F.T. Koster. 1979. Relationship between enterotoxin production
and serotype in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 23:325–329.
58. Montenegro, M.A., M. B¨ ulte, T. Trumpf, S. Aleksic, G. Reuter, E. Bulling, and R. Helmuth. 1990. Detection and characterization of fecal verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli from healthy cattle. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:1417–1421.
59. Mundell, D.H., C.R. Anselmo, and R.M. Wishnow. 1976. Factors influencing heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin
activity. Infect. Immun. 14:383–388.
60. Neill, M.A., P.I. Tarr, D.N. Taylor, and M. Wolf. 2001. Escherichia coli. In Foodborne Disease Handbook: Diseases Caused
by Bacteria, ed. Y.H. Hui, M.D. Pierson, and J.R. Gorham, 2nd ed., 169–212. New York: Marcel Dekker.
61. O’Brien, A.D., M.R. Thompson, J.R. Cantey, and S.B. Formal. 1977. Production of Shigella dysenteriae-like toxins by
pathogenic Escherichia coli. Abstr., Amer. Soc. Microbiol. 32.
62. O’Brien, A.D., and R.K. Holmes. 1987. Shiga and Shiga-like toxins. Microbiol. Rev. 51:206–220.
63. O’Brien, A.D., V.L. Tesh, A. Donohue-Rolfe, M.P. Jackson, S. Olsnes, K. Sandvic, A.A. Lindberg, and G.T. Keusch. 1992.
Shiga toxin: Biochemistry, genetics, mode of action, and role in pathogenesis. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 180:65–
94.
64. Oelschlaeger, T.A., T.J. Barrett, and D.J. Kopecko. 1994. Some structures and processes of human epithelial cells involved
in uptake of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli 0157:H7 strains. Infect. Immun. 62:5142–5150.
65. Omisakin, F., M. MacRae, I.D. Ogden, and N.J.C. Strachan. 2003. Concentration and prevalence of Escherichia coli
0157:H7 in cattle feces at slaughter. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:2444–2447.
66. Ørskov, I., F. Ørskov, B. Jann, and K. Jann. 1977. Serology, chemistry, and genetics of O and K antigens of Escherichia
coli. Bacteriol. Rev. 41:667–710.
67. Ostroff, S.M., P.I. Tarr, M.A. Neill, J.H. Lewis, N. Hargrett-Bean, and J.M. Kobayashi. 1989. Toxin genotypes and plasmid
profiles as determinants of systemic sequelae in Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections. J. Infect. Dis. 160:994–998.
68. Palumbo, S.A., J.E. Call, F.J. Schultz, and A.C. Williams. 1995. Minimum and maximum temperatures for growth and
verotoxin production by hemorrhagic strains of Escherichia coli. J. Food Protect. 58:352–356.
69. Park, S., R.W. Worobo, and R.A. Durst. 1999. Escherichia coli 0157:H7 as an emerging foodborne pathogen: A literature
review. Crit. Rev. Fd. Sci. Nutr. 39:481–502.
70. Picken, R.N., A.J. Mazaitis, W.K. Maas, M. Rey, and H. Heyneker. 1983. Nucleotide sequence of the gene for heat-stable
enterotoxin II of Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 42:269–275.