Treatment of Textile Waste Water Using Low-Cost …
143
Table 3 Application of clay for dye removal. Content Source (1)
Clay
Outcomes
Tabarka clay: mixture of kaolinite (62%) and
illite (38%)
Shows a better adsorption capacity than
Fouchana and palygorskite
Fouchana clay: mixture of smectite (60%),
kaolinite (30%), and illite (10%)
Exhibits highest rate of desorption
Standard kaolinite (KGa-2)
Exhibits the lowest specific surface and shows
the highest adsorption capacity for anionic dye
Standard palygorskite (PFl-1)
Provides a large surface to the adsorption; has
the lowest capacity for adsorption of RR 120 dye
which reduced the time of depuration and subsequently the costs. This method could
be effectively used as an alternative for pre-treatment of textile effluents for COD
and colour removal [12].
Nanotechnology is one of the most advanced techniques for waste water treatment. To ensure high quality of water, advanced technologies are required and
nanotechnology is a suitable option. Nanomaterials used for effluent treatment may
be of three classes as listed in Table 4. Nanoparticle photocatalysts can be used for
treatment of both toxic pollutants and heavy metals, where the modification in catalyst material can provide the capability of using visible region of solar light instead
of high cost artificial ultraviolet radiation [3] (Table 4).
A new coagulant obtained through polymerization of Acacia mearnsii de Wild
tannin extract has been characterized in the removal of two dangerous dye pollutants:
Alizarin Violet 3R and Palatine Fast Black WAN. This coagulant is lab-synthesized
according to the etherification of tannins with glycidyltrimethyl ammonium chloride
and formaldehyde and its performance in dye removal in terms of efficiency was
high. A reasonably low coagulant dosage (ca. 50 mg/L) reaches high capacity levels
Table 4 Nanomaterials and their application in waste water treatment. Content Source (3)
Type of nanomaterial
Nanomaterials
Processes
Nanoadsorbents
Activated carbon, carbon
nanotubes, graphene,
manganese oxide, zinc oxide,
titanium oxide, and
magnesium oxides
Removal of heavy metals
Nanocatalysts
Photocatalyst, electrocatalyst,
Fenton based catalyst and
chemical oxidant
Removal of both organic and
inorganic contaminants
Nanomembranes
Carbon nanotube membranes,
electrospun nano fibres and
hybrid nanomembranes
Removal of dyes, heavy
metals and foulants
Integrated nanotechnology and
biological processes
Algal membrane bioreactor,
anaerobic digestion, microbial
fuel cell
Waste water purification
143
Table 3 Application of clay for dye removal. Content Source (1)
Clay
Outcomes
Tabarka clay: mixture of kaolinite (62%) and
illite (38%)
Shows a better adsorption capacity than
Fouchana and palygorskite
Fouchana clay: mixture of smectite (60%),
kaolinite (30%), and illite (10%)
Exhibits highest rate of desorption
Standard kaolinite (KGa-2)
Exhibits the lowest specific surface and shows
the highest adsorption capacity for anionic dye
Standard palygorskite (PFl-1)
Provides a large surface to the adsorption; has
the lowest capacity for adsorption of RR 120 dye
which reduced the time of depuration and subsequently the costs. This method could
be effectively used as an alternative for pre-treatment of textile effluents for COD
and colour removal [12].
Nanotechnology is one of the most advanced techniques for waste water treatment. To ensure high quality of water, advanced technologies are required and
nanotechnology is a suitable option. Nanomaterials used for effluent treatment may
be of three classes as listed in Table 4. Nanoparticle photocatalysts can be used for
treatment of both toxic pollutants and heavy metals, where the modification in catalyst material can provide the capability of using visible region of solar light instead
of high cost artificial ultraviolet radiation [3] (Table 4).
A new coagulant obtained through polymerization of Acacia mearnsii de Wild
tannin extract has been characterized in the removal of two dangerous dye pollutants:
Alizarin Violet 3R and Palatine Fast Black WAN. This coagulant is lab-synthesized
according to the etherification of tannins with glycidyltrimethyl ammonium chloride
and formaldehyde and its performance in dye removal in terms of efficiency was
high. A reasonably low coagulant dosage (ca. 50 mg/L) reaches high capacity levels
Table 4 Nanomaterials and their application in waste water treatment. Content Source (3)
Type of nanomaterial
Nanomaterials
Processes
Nanoadsorbents
Activated carbon, carbon
nanotubes, graphene,
manganese oxide, zinc oxide,
titanium oxide, and
magnesium oxides
Removal of heavy metals
Nanocatalysts
Photocatalyst, electrocatalyst,
Fenton based catalyst and
chemical oxidant
Removal of both organic and
inorganic contaminants
Nanomembranes
Carbon nanotube membranes,
electrospun nano fibres and
hybrid nanomembranes
Removal of dyes, heavy
metals and foulants
Integrated nanotechnology and
biological processes
Algal membrane bioreactor,
anaerobic digestion, microbial
fuel cell
Waste water purification