between a flask-sized microcosm and a natural aquatic ecosystem. As described
above, using a step-by-step assessment method (i.e., a tier test), the safety of target
chemicals, genetically engineered microorganisms, and microbial pesticides can be
more accurately evaluated.
Literature Cited
Beyers RJ, Odum HT. Ecological microcosms. New York: Springer; 1993. 557pp.
Graney RL, Kennedy JH, Rodjers JH Jr. Aquatic mesocosm studies in ecological risk assessment.
Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers; 1994. 723pp.
Harris CC. Microcosms; ecology, biological implications and environmental impact. New York:
Nova Publishers; 2013. 189pp.
Japan Sewage Works Association. Wastewater Examination Method -FY2012-; Tokyo, 2012.
Tanaka N, Inamori Y, Murakami K, Akamatsu T, Kurihara Y. Effect of Species Composition on
Stability and Reproductivity of Small-scale Microcosm System. Water Sci Technol, 1994;30
Suppl 10:125–131.
2 Standardization of the Microcosm N-System
17
above, using a step-by-step assessment method (i.e., a tier test), the safety of target
chemicals, genetically engineered microorganisms, and microbial pesticides can be
more accurately evaluated.
Literature Cited
Beyers RJ, Odum HT. Ecological microcosms. New York: Springer; 1993. 557pp.
Graney RL, Kennedy JH, Rodjers JH Jr. Aquatic mesocosm studies in ecological risk assessment.
Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers; 1994. 723pp.
Harris CC. Microcosms; ecology, biological implications and environmental impact. New York:
Nova Publishers; 2013. 189pp.
Japan Sewage Works Association. Wastewater Examination Method -FY2012-; Tokyo, 2012.
Tanaka N, Inamori Y, Murakami K, Akamatsu T, Kurihara Y. Effect of Species Composition on
Stability and Reproductivity of Small-scale Microcosm System. Water Sci Technol, 1994;30
Suppl 10:125–131.
2 Standardization of the Microcosm N-System
17