It is clear that all species of Steinernema have mutualistic associations with Xenorhabdus species and that all species of Heterorhabditis have symbiotic associations with Photorhabdus species
[20, 21].
l
Early 1930: The biocontrol potential of these nematodes was
first investigated by Glaser and his colleagues who investigated
S. glaseri [9]. Neoaplectana glaseri, now known as Steinernema
glaseri, was the first mass produced nematode and used under
field conditions for biological control of an insect pest [22].
l
1959: Dutky first noticed the antibiotic properties of the bacterium associated with S. carpocapsae, which described how the
foreign bacteria that penetrated the insect cadaver bearing the
growing nematodes could be killed [23].
l
1970: The first entomopathogenic nematodes for field testing
was produced by using live insects. Biotrol NCS-DD-136 was
produced for experimental purpose using larvae of the wax
moth, Galleria mellonella by the Nutrilite Corporation in Lakeview, California.
l
2020: One hundred valid Steinernema species and 21 Heterorhabditis species are identified from different countries of the
world [24].
l
2020: Twenty-six species of the genus Xenorhabdus and 19 species of the genus Photorhabdus are currently recognized [13].
2 Biogeography
2.1 Geographical
Distribution
l
Entomopathogenic nematodes are widespread in every continent except in Antarctica.
l
Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are found in different countries
including India, Pakistan, China, Iran, Thailand, Vietnam,
Japan, Korea, Nepal, North America, Central America, South
America, Germany, Denmark, France, Spain, Turkey, Russia,
Egypt, Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Benin, Morocco,
South Africa, Rwanda, Algeria, Cameroon, Nigeria, Jordan,
Oman, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Australia, and
New Zealand [24].
l
Several new species are identified from Asia.
l
Steinernematids are more diversified compared to
heterorhabditids.
l
Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema feltiae, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora have the widest geographical distribution
(Fig. 1 and Table 1).
Biogeography
9
[20, 21].
l
Early 1930: The biocontrol potential of these nematodes was
first investigated by Glaser and his colleagues who investigated
S. glaseri [9]. Neoaplectana glaseri, now known as Steinernema
glaseri, was the first mass produced nematode and used under
field conditions for biological control of an insect pest [22].
l
1959: Dutky first noticed the antibiotic properties of the bacterium associated with S. carpocapsae, which described how the
foreign bacteria that penetrated the insect cadaver bearing the
growing nematodes could be killed [23].
l
1970: The first entomopathogenic nematodes for field testing
was produced by using live insects. Biotrol NCS-DD-136 was
produced for experimental purpose using larvae of the wax
moth, Galleria mellonella by the Nutrilite Corporation in Lakeview, California.
l
2020: One hundred valid Steinernema species and 21 Heterorhabditis species are identified from different countries of the
world [24].
l
2020: Twenty-six species of the genus Xenorhabdus and 19 species of the genus Photorhabdus are currently recognized [13].
2 Biogeography
2.1 Geographical
Distribution
l
Entomopathogenic nematodes are widespread in every continent except in Antarctica.
l
Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are found in different countries
including India, Pakistan, China, Iran, Thailand, Vietnam,
Japan, Korea, Nepal, North America, Central America, South
America, Germany, Denmark, France, Spain, Turkey, Russia,
Egypt, Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Benin, Morocco,
South Africa, Rwanda, Algeria, Cameroon, Nigeria, Jordan,
Oman, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Australia, and
New Zealand [24].
l
Several new species are identified from Asia.
l
Steinernematids are more diversified compared to
heterorhabditids.
l
Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema feltiae, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora have the widest geographical distribution
(Fig. 1 and Table 1).
Biogeography
9